Mošomi:Ptpare/Lešabašaba/Crimea nso

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Crimea e ile ya

Go tšwa go Wikipedia, saeklopedia ya go se lefelweTlolela go ya go sepelasepela Tlolela go nyaka Hloahloa ea Europe

Bakeng sa ditirišo tše dingwe, bona Crimea (disambiguation) .

Hloahloa-hloa ea Crimea

"Seswantšho sa sathalaete sa Crimea, Terra-MODIS, 05-16-2015.jpg" May 2015 sathelaete setšoantšo sa Crimean Peninsula
"Crimea (projeke ya mongwalotlwaelo).svg"
Thutafase
Lefelo	Bohlabela bja Yuropa
Dihlomathišo	Seswantšho:WMA button2b.pngImage4.png45 ° 18 ′ N 34 ° 24 ′ E / / 1 45.3°N 34.4°E / 45,3 e le . 34.4[1]Dikgokagano:45.3°N 34.4°ESeswantšho:WMA button2b.pngImage5.png45 ° 18 ′ N 34 ° 24 ′ E / / 1  / 45,3 e le . 34.4
E bapile le	Leoatle le Letšo Leoatle la Azov
Tikologo	27 000 km 2 (10 000 sq mi) .
Bophagamo bjo bo phagamego kudu	1 545 m (5069 ft) .
Ntlha e phahameng ka ho fetisisa	Roma-Kosh
Maemo	E amogetšwe boditšhabatšhaba bjalo ka naga ya Ukraine yeo e tšerwego ke Russian Federation ; bona Boemo bja dipolitiki bja Crimea
Ukraine ( de jure ) .
Leboa la Arabat Spit ( Henichesk Raion ) Repabliki e Ikemetšego ya Crimea Sevastopol
Bodulo bjo bogolo kudu	Sevastopol e ile ya re
Russia ( ge e le gabotse ) .
Setereke sa Federal	Setereke sa Federal sa Borwa
Batho ba Federal	Repabliki ya CrimeaSevastopol
Bodulo bjo bogolo kudu	Sevastopol e ile ya re
Dipalopalo tša batho
Motemona	Se-Crimea
Setšhaba	"Oketša"2 416 856 [ 1 ] ( 2 0 2 1 ) .
Tšwelela. kitlano	84,6 / km 2 (219,1 / sq mi) .
Dihlopha tša merafo	65.3% Marussia (1.492 mln ) 15.1% Maukraine (344.5 sekete) 10.8% Ma-Tatar a Crimea (246.1 sekete) 0.9% MaBelarus (21.7 sekete) 0.5% Ma-Armenia (11 sekete) 7.4% Ba bang (169.1 000), ho akarelletsa le: Pontic Greeks Krymchak Karaite Bajuda Crimea Majeremane Mataliana a Crimea (2014) [2 ][3 ][4]

Seswantšho:Map of the Crimea.pngImage7.png

Mmapa wa Hloahloa ea Crimea

Folaga ya Crimea (e dirišwa ke bobedi Ukraine e le folaga ya Repabliki e Ikemetšego ya Crimea le ke Russia e le folaga ya Repabliki ya Crimea )

Crimea [a] ( / k r aɪ ˈ m iː ə/ ( theeletša ) Seswantšho:Loudspeaker.svg.pngImage9.pngkry- MEE -ə ) ke pheninsula ka Bohlabela bja Yuropa , lebopong la ka leboa la Lewatle le Letšo . E na le palo ya badudi ba dimilione tše 2,4, [1] yeo e bopilwego kudu ke ma-Russia a morafo , ka dihlopha tše dinyenyane tše bohlokwa tša Ma -Tatar a Ukraine le Crimea . [2] Hloahloa e nyakile e dikologilwe ka botlalo ke Lewatle le Letšo le Lewatle le lenyenyane la Azov . Isthmus ya Perekope kgokaganya pheninsula le Kherson Oblast nageng-kgolo ya Ukraine . Ka bohlabela, Borogo bja Crimean , bjo bo agilwego ka 2018, bo akaretša Strait of Kerch , bjo bo kgokaganyago pheninsula le Krasnodar Krai kua Russia . Arabat Spit , yeo e lego ka leboa-bohlabela, ke lefelo le le sesane la naga leo le aroganyago matsha a Sivash le Lewatle la Azov. Go putla Lewatle le Letšo ka bodikela go na le Romania gomme ka borwa go na le Turkey .

Crimea (yeo e bitšwago Hloahloa ya Tauric go fihla mathomong a nako ya mehleng yeno ) go ya ka histori e bile mollwaneng magareng ga lefase la classic le steppe . Bagerika ba ile ba dira koloni ka thoko ya yona ya ka borwa gomme ba monywa ke Mebušo ya Roma le ya Byzantium le dinaga tšeo di ilego tša latela mola ba dula e le ba Gerika ka setšo. Metse e mengwe e ile ya fetoga dikoloni tša kgwebo tša Genoa , go fihlela e fenywa ke Mmušo wa Ottoman . Nakong ye ka moka karolo ya ka gare e be e dulwa ke sehlopha se se fetogago sa bahudugi ba steppe . Lekgolong la bo14 la nywaga e ile ya ba karolo yaSehlopha sa Gauta ; Khanate ya Crimea e ile ya tšwelela e le mmušo wa mohlahlami. Lekgolong la bo-15 la nywaga, Khanate e ile ya ba lefelo leo le ithekgilego ka Mmušo wa Ottoman . Russia gantši e be e le sepheo sa ditlhaselo tša makgoba nakong ye. Ka 1783, Mmušo wa Russia o ile wa thopa Crimea ka morago ga ntwa ya pejana le Turkey . Boemo bja Crimea bja maano bo ile bja lebiša Ntweng ya Crimea ya 1854 le mebušo e mentši ya nako e kopana ka morago ga Phetogelo ya 1917 ya Russia . Ge ma-Bolshevik a be a kgonthišetša Crimea e ile ya ba repabliki ya soviet yeo e ikemetšego ka gare ga Russia . Nakong ya Ntwa ya II ya Lefase, Crimea e ile ya theošetšwa maemong a go ba oblast gomme ma-Tatar a Crimea a ile a rakwa nageng . USSR e ile ya fetišetša Crimea Ukraine ka segopotšo sa bo-300 sa Tumelelano ya Pereyaslav ka 1954. Ka morago ga tokologo ya Ukraine ka 1991 mmušo wa bogareng le Crimea di ile tša thulana, gomme tikologo yeo e newa boipušo bjo bo oketšegilego . Sehlopha sa dikepe sa Soviet ka Crimea le sona se be se le ngangišanong eupša kwano ya 1997 e ile ya dumelela Russia go tšwela pele go thea sehlopha sa yona sa dikepe kua Sevastopol. Ka 2014 Russias hapa taolo , hlophisa referendume e seng molaong tšehetsaRussia annexation , eupša dinaga tše dintši di amogela Crimea e le ya Ukraine. == Diteng ==

• 1 Leina
• 2 Histori
  • 2.1 Histori ya bogologolo
  • 2.2 Histori ya Mehla ya Magareng
  • 2.3 Phenyo ya Mamongolia (1238–1449) .
  • 2.4 Khanate ya Crimea (1443–1783) .
  • 2.5 Mmušo wa Russia (1783–1917) .
  • 2.6 Ntwa ya Selegae ya Russia (1917–1921) .
  • 2.7 Kopano ya Soviet (1921–1991) .
  • 2.8 Ukraina (1991-2014) .
  • 2.9 Russia Federation (de facto; ho tloha ka 2014) .
• 3 Thutafase
  • 3.1 Mafelo
  • 3.2 Dithaba tša Crimea
  • 3.3 Hydrography ya go dira dilo
  • 3.4 Kgato ya go gata
  • 3.5 Riviera ya Crimea
  • 3.6 Boemo bja leratadima
  • 3.7 Boleng bja togamaano
• 4 Ekonomi
  • 4.1 Temo
  • 4.2 Enetši
  • 4.3 Dinamelwa
  • 4.4 Boeti
  • 4.5 Dikotlo
• 5 Dipolitiki
• 6 Dipalopalo tša batho
• 7 Setšo
  • 7.1 Dipapadi
• 8 Gallery ya go bontšha dilo
• 9 Bona gape
• 10 Dintlha
  • 10.1 Dintlha tša tlhalošo
  • 10.2 Ditsopolo
• 11 Dikgokagano tša ka ntle

Leina [ edita mohlodi ] .

Leina la kgale la Crimea, Tauris goba Taurica , le tšwa go Segerika Ταυρική ( Taurikḗ ), ka morago ga badudi ba pheninsula ba Scytho-Cimmerian, e lego Tauri . Leina la lehono ke Qırım , e lego leina la ma- Tatar la Crimea bakeng sa pheninsula .

Strabo ( Thutafase vii 4.3, xi. 2.5), Polybius ( Dihistori 4.39.4), le Ptolemy ( Thutafase . II, v 9.5) ba bolela ka mo go fapanego Strait of Kerch e le Κιμμερικὸς Βόσπορος ( Chimmerikos Bosporos , molomo o dirilwego ka seroma) Cimmerirus, Bosporos . . ), karolo ya yona ya ka bohlabela e tsebja e le Κιμμέριον Ἄκρον ( Kimmerion Akron , leina la Roma: Promontorium Cimmerium ) , .

Motse Staryi Krym ('Crimea ya Kgale'), [6] o šomile bjalo ka motse-mošate wa profense ya Crimea ya Golden Horde . Magareng ga 1315 le 1329 C.E., mongwadi wa Moarabia Abū al-Fidā o ile a anega ntwa ya dipolitiki ka 1300–1301 C.E. yeo e ilego ya feleletša ka go kgaolwa hlogo ga mophenkgišani gomme hlogo ya gagwe e romelwe "go ya Crimea", [7] go bonagala e le go šupa pheninsuleng, [ 8] le ge e le gore methopo ye mengwe e swere gore leina la motse-mošate le ile la katološetšwa go pheninsula ka moka ka nako ye nngwe nakong ya pušo ya Ottoman (1441–1783). [9 .]

Tšwago ya lentšu Qırım ga e kgonthišege. Ditšhišinyo tšeo di ngangišanwago methopong e fapa-fapanego di akaretša: # kgobogo ya Cimmerium ( Segerika , Kimmerikon , Kimmerikon). [10 ][11 ][12 .]

1. e tšwago go lereo la Seturkey qirum ("fosse, mokero"), go tšwa go qori- ("go terata, go šireletša"). [13 ][14 ][15 .]

Ditšhišinyo tše dingwe tšeo di sa thekgwego goba tšeo di ganetšanago ke methopo, tšeo go bonagalago di theilwe go swana ga modumo, di akaretša: # e tšwago go Cremnoi ya Segerika (Κρημνοί, ka mmiletšo wa Segerika wa Koiné wa ka morago ga sebjalebjale, Crimni , ke gore, "the Cliffs", e lego boema-kepe Letsheng la Maeotis (Lewatle la Azov) leo le tsopotšwego ke Herodotus go The Histories 4.20.1 le 4.110.2) . [16] Le ge go le bjalo, Herodotus o hlaola boemakepe e sego ka Crimea, eupša bjalo ka bjo bo lego lebopong la bodikela la Lewatle la Azov. Ga go na bohlatse bjo bo lemogilwego bja gore leina le le kile la dirišwa bakeng sa pheninsula.

1. Polelo ya Seturkey (mohlala, ka Seturkey : Kırım ) e amana le leina la Mongolian kerm " leboto ", eupša methopo e laetša gore leina la Mongolian la pheninsula ya Crimea ya Qaram ka medumo ga le sepelelane le kerm/kerem gomme ka fao le tšwa go lereo le lengwe la mathomo. [17 ][18 ][19 .]

Mopeleto wa "Crimea" ke foromo ya Setaliana, ke gore, la Crimea , ka ge bonyenyane ngwagakgolo wa bo-17 [20] gomme "pheninsula ya Crimea" e ba ya bjale nakong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo-18, ganyenyane-ganyenyane e tšea sebaka sa leina la classic la Peninsula ya Tauric nakong ya Lekgolo la bo-19 la nywaga. [21] Ka tšhomišong ya Seisemane go tloga mathomong a nako ya sebjalebjale Khanate ya Crimea e bitšwa Crim Tartary . [22 .]

Go tlogelwa ga sehlogo se se tiilego ka Seisemane ("Crimea" go e na le "Crimea") go ile gwa ba mo go tlwaelegilego nakong ya morago ga ngwagakgolo wa bo-20. [ citation needed ] Leina la classic le ile la dirišwa ka 1802 leineng la Russian Taurida Governorate . [23] Le ge e ile ya tšeelwa legato ke Krym ( Seukraine : Крим ; Serussia : Крым ) ka Soviet Union gomme ga se ya ba le maemo a semmušo go tloga ka 1921, e sa dutše e dirišwa ke dihlongwa tše dingwe kua Crimea, go swana le Yunibesithi ya Setšhaba ya Taurida , Tavriya Sehlopha sa kgwele ya maoto sa Simferopol , goba tsela e kgolo ya mmušo ya Tavrida .

Histori [ edita mohlodi ] .

Sehlogo se segolo: Histori ya Crimea

Marope a koloni ya bogologolo ya Gerika ya Chersonesus

Histori ya bogologolo [ edit source ] .

Tsebišo e oketšegilego: Mmušo wa Bospora , Bagerika kua Crimea ya pele ga Roma , le Crimea mehleng ya Roma

Histori ye e ngwadilwego ya Hloahloa ya Crimean e thoma go dikologa ngwagakgolo wa bo-5 BC ge dikoloni tše mmalwa tša Gerika di be di hlongwa go bapa le lebopo la yona, ya bohlokwa kudu go tšona e be e le Chersonesos kgauswi le Sevastopol ya mehleng yeno , ka ma-Scythian le Tauri ka nageng ya ka morago ka leboa. Ba-Tauri ba ile ba nea leina Hloahloa ya Tauric yeo Crimea e ilego ya e bitšwa mathomong a mehleng ya sebjalebjale . Lebopo la ka borwa le ile la tiišwa ganyenyane-ganyenyane go ba Mmušo wa Bosporan wo o ilego wa thopša ke Pontus gomme ka morago la ba mmušo wa moreki wa Roma go tloga ka 63 BC go fihla ka 341 AD.

Histori ya mehleng ya magareng [ edit source ] .

Seswantšho:Sudak, Crimea, The Genoese Fortress.jpgImage11.png

Sebo sa Genoese kua Sudak , lekgolong la bo-13 la nywaga, Repabliki ya Genoa , mathomong e be e le toropo e šireleditšwego ya Byzantium , lekgolong la bo-7 la nywaga

Lebopo la ka borwa le ile la dula e le Segerika ka setšong mo e nyakilego go ba mengwaga ye dikete tše pedi go akaretšwa ka fase ga dinaga tša mohlahlami wa Roma, Mmušo wa Byzantium (341 AD – 1204 AD), Mmušo wa Trebizond (1204 AD – 1461 AD), le Kgošikgolo ye e ikemetšego ya Theodoro (yeo e fedilego ka 1475 AD). Lekgolong la bo-13 la nywaga, metse e mengwe ya boema-kepe ya Crimea e be e laolwa ke ma-Venetia le ke ma- Genovese , eupša naga ya ka gare e be e sa tsepama kudu, e kgotlelela lelokelelo le letelele la diphenyo le ditlhaselo . Nakong ya mehleng ya magareng, e ile ya fenywa ka karolo ke Kievan Rus’ yoo kgošana ya gagwe e ilego ya kolobetšwa kua Sevastopol e thoma go dira gore Kievan Rus e be Bokriste’.. [24 .]

Phenyo ya Mamongolia (1238–1449) [ edita mohlodi ].

Leboa le bogareng bja Crimea di ile tša wela go Mongol Golden Horde , gaešita le ge lebopo la ka borwa le be le sa dutše le laolwa ke Mmušo wa Bokriste wa Theodoro le dikoloni tša Genoese . Dintwa tša Genoese–Mongol di ile tša lwewa magareng ga lekgolo la bo-13 le la bo-15 la nywaga bakeng sa go laola borwa bja Crimea. [25 .]

Khanate ya Crimea (1443–1783) [ rulaganya mohlodi ].

Sehlogo se segolo: Khanate ya Crimea

Ka bo-1440 Khanate ya Crimea e ile ya bopega go tšwa go go phuhlama ga lešaba [26] eupša ka lebelo kudu ka boyona e ile ya ba ka tlase ga Mmušo wa Ottoman , wo gape o ilego wa thopa mafelo a lebopong ao a bego a bolokile a ikemetše go Khanate. Mothopo o mogolo wa katlego mehleng ye e be e le go hlaselwa gantši Russia bakeng sa makgoba .

Mmušo wa Russia (1783–1917) [ edita mohlodi ] .

Bona gape: Go kopanywa ga Crimea ke Mmušo wa Russia , Novorossiya , le Taurida Governorate

Sehlaga sa Swallow , seo se agilwego ka 1912 bakeng sa rakgwebo Baron Pavel von Steingel

Ka 1774, Mmušo wa Ottoman o ile wa fenywa ke Catherine yo Mogolo ka Tumelelano ya Küçük Kaynarca yeo e ilego ya dira gore ma-Tatar a Crimea a ikeme dipolitiking. Go tsenywa ga Crimea ke Catherine yo Mogolo ka 1783 Mmušong wa Russia go ile gwa oketša matla a Russia tikologong ya Lewatle le Letšo [27 .]

Go tloga ka 1853 go ya go 1856, boemo bja maano bja pheninsula go laoleleng Lewatle le Letšo bo be bo bolela gore e be e le lefelo leo go ilego gwa dirwa dintwa tše dikgolo tša Ntwa ya Crimea , moo Russia e ilego ya lahlegelwa ke selekane seo se bego se eteletšwe pele ke Fora. [28 .]

Ntwa ya Selegae ya Russia (1917–1921) [ edita mohlodi ].

Sehlogo se segolo: Crimea nakong ya Ntwa ya Selegae ya Russia

Nakong ya Ntwa ya Selegae ya Russia , Crimea e ile ya fetoša diatla gantši gomme e bile moo Wrangel ’s anti-Bolshevik White Army e ilego ya ema ga yona ya mafelelo. Bahlabani ba bantši bao ba lwantšhanago le Bokomanisi le baagi ba ile ba tšhabela Istanbul eupša ba go fihla go ba 150 000 ba ile ba bolawa kua Crimea.

Soviet Union (1921–1991) [ hlophisa mohlodi ].

Bona gape: Crimea kua Soviet Union le phetišetšo ya Crimea ka 1954

" Ba Bararo ba Bagolo " Khonferentsheng ya Yalta kua Crimea: Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt , le Joseph Stalin .

Ka 1921 Repabliki ya Bosošiale ya Soviet yeo e Ikemetšego ya Crimea (ASSR) e ile ya hlongwa e le karolo ya Repabliki ya Bosošiale ya Soviet Federative ya Russia . [29] Crimea e ile ya thopša ke Jeremane nakong ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefase gomme ka morago ga moo palo ya ditšhaba, go akaretša le ma-Tartar a Crimea, a ile a rakwa dikarolong tše dingwe tša USSR. ASSR e ile ya phatlalatšwa ka 1945, gomme Crimea e ile ya ba oblast yeo gomme ka morago ya fetišetšwa go SSR ya Ukraine ka 1954, ka segopotšo sa bo-300 sa Tumelelano ya Pereyaslav .

Ukraine (1991–2014) [ hlophisa mohlodi ].

Sehlogo se segolo: Bogoši bja Ukraine godimo ga Crimea

Bogare bja toropo ya Simferopol

Ka go phatlalatšwa ga Soviet Union le tokologo ya Ukraine ka 1991 bontši bja pheninsula e ile ya rulaganywa gape bjalo ka Repabliki ya Crimea , [30 ][31] le ge e le gore ka 1995 Repabliki e ile ya fedišwa ka kgapeletšo ke Ukraine ka Repabliki ye e Ikemetšego ya Crimea e hlomilwe ka go tia ka fase ga Seukraine taolo. [32] Kwano ya 1997 e ile ya aroganya Soviet Black Sea Fleet , ya dumelela Russia go tšwela pele go thea sehlopha sa yona sa dikepe ka Sevastopol, ka khiro yeo e katološitšwego ka 2010.

Russia Federation (de facto; ho tloha ka 2014) [ hlophisa mohloli ]

Sehlogo se segolo: Repabliki ya Crimea

Bona gape: Go kopanywa ga Crimea ke Russian Federation , referendum ya maemo a Crimea ya 2014 , le ditlhaselo tša 2022 tša Crimea

Bahahlauli ba Crimea ka folaga ya Russia e fofang, June 2015

Boemo bja Crimea bo a ngangišanwa. Ka 2014, Crimea e ile ya bona ditšhupetšo tše šoro [33] kgahlanong le go tlošwa ga mopresidente wa Ukraine yo a sekamelago Russia kua Kyiv . Boipelaetšo bo ile bja feleletša ka madira ao a thekgago Russia a tšea dintlha tša maano kua Crimea [34] gomme Repabliki ya Crimea e ile ya tsebagatša tokologo go tšwa Ukraine ka morago ga referendume yeo go ngangišanwago ka yona boditšhabatšhaba yeo e thekgago kopanyo gape. [35] Russia ka morago e ile ya thopa Crimea semmušo , le ge e le gore bontši bja dinaga di amogela Crimea bjalo ka karolo ya Ukraine. [36 .]

Thutafase [ edita mohlodi ] .

"Crimea e teng ka Crimea"

"Sarike"

Sarike

"Simferopol e le"

Simferopol e le

"Sevastopol e ile ya re"

Sevastopol e ile ya re

"Kerch e ile ya"

Kerch e ile ya

"Isthmus ya Perekop"

Isthmus ya Perekop

"Kapa Fonar"

Kapa Fonar

"Kapa ya Priboiny"

Kapa ya Priboiny

"Kou ya Karkinit"

Kou ya Karkinit

"Syvash"

Syvash

"Kou ya Kalamita"

Kou ya Kalamita

"Lewatle le Letšo"

Lewatle le Letšo

"Lewatle la Azov"

Lewatle la Azov

class=e sego seswantšho sa letlakala|

Thutafase ya Crimea

Tshedimošo e oketšegilego: Lebala la Yuropa Bohlabela le Naga ya Tlase ya Lewatle le Letšo

E akaretša lefelo la 27 000 km 2 (10 425 sq mi), Crimea e lebopong la ka leboa la Lewatle le Letšo le lebopong la ka bodikela la Lewatle la Azov ; mollwane o nnoši wa naga o abelanwa le Selete sa Kherson sa Ukraine ka leboa. Crimea e nyakile go ba sehlakahlaka gomme e kgokagantšwe fela le kontinente ke Isthmus ya Perekop , strip sa naga ye e ka bago dikhilomithara tše 5–7 (3.1–4.3 mi) ka bophara.

Boholo ba moeli oa tlhaho pakeng tsa Peninsula ea Crimean le naha-khōlō ea Ukraine bo bopilwe ka Sivash kapa "Leoatle le Bodlileng", e leng tsamaiso e khōlō ea matsha a sa tebang a otlollang lebōpong la ka bophirimela la Leoatle la Azov. Ka ntle le isthmus ya Perekop, pheninsula e kgokagantšwe le Henichesk Raion ya Kherson Oblast ka maporogo a godimo ga moedi o mosesane wa Chonhar le Henichesk le godimo ga Kerch Strait go ya Krasnodar Krai . Karolo ya ka leboa ya Arabat Spit ke karolo ya taolo ya Henichesk Raion kua Kherson Oblast, go akaretša le ditšhaba tša yona tše pedi tša magaeng tša Shchaslyvtseve le Strilkove . Ntlha ya ka bohlabela ya pheninsula ya Crimea e akaretša Hloahloa ya Kerch, e arogantšwe go tšwa go Taman Peninsula nagengkgolo ya Russia ke Kerch Strait , yeo e kgokaganyago Lewatle le Letšo le Lewatle la Azov, ka bophara bja magareng ga dikhilomithara tše 3–13 (1.9–8.1 mi).

Bo-rathutafase ka kakaretšo ba arola pheninsula ka mafelo a mararo: steppe , dithaba le lebopong la ka borwa .

Mafelo [ edita mohlodi ] .

"Crimea e teng ka Crimea"

"Perekop"

Perekop

"Chornomorske ya go swana le yona"

Chornomorske ya go swana le yona

"Donuzlav o ile a hlokomela"

Donuzlav o ile a hlokomela

"Yevpatoria"

Yevpatoria

"Sevastopol e ile ya re"

Sevastopol e ile ya re

"Balaclava e ile ya ba"

Balaclava e ile ya ba

"diforamo"

diforamo

"Alupka e ile ya"

Alupka e ile ya

"Yalta e ile ya"

Yalta e ile ya

"Gurzuf e ile ya ba"

Gurzuf e ile ya ba

"Alushta o ile a"

Alushta o ile a

"Sudak e ile ya ba"

Sudak e ile ya ba

"Feodosia ya mmele"

Feodosia ya mmele

"Kerch e ile ya"

Kerch e ile ya

"Mangup"

Mangup

"Bakhchysarai e ile ya ba"

Bakhchysarai e ile ya ba

"Simferopol e le"

Simferopol e le

"meetse a mantsho"

meetse a mantsho

"Crimea ya Kgale"

Crimea ya Kgale

"Dzhankoy o ile a tla"

Dzhankoy o ile a tla

class=e sego seswantšho sa letlakala|

Mafelo a Crimea

Ka baka la histori ya yona e telele le bafenyi ba bantši, bontši bja ditoropo tša Crimea di na le maina a mmalwa.

Bodikela: Isthmus ya Perekop / Perekop / Goba Qapi , yeo e ka bago dikhilomithara tše 7 (4 mi) ka bophara, e kgokaganya Crimea le naga-kgolo. Gantši e be e tiišitšwe gomme ka dinako tše dingwe e be e šireleditšwe ke ma-Turkey. Mokero wa North Crimean bjale o a e tshela go tliša meetse go tšwa Dnieper. Ka bodikela Karkinit Bay e aroganya Peninsula ya Tarkhankut go tšwa nagengkgolo. Ka lehlakoreng la ka leboa la pheninsula ke Chernomorskoe /Kalos Limen . Ka lehlakoreng le ka boroa ke Donuzlav Bay e khōlō le boema-kepe le bodulo ba boholo-holo ba Segerike ba Yevpatoria /Kerkinitis/Gözleve. Lebopo ka morago le kitima ka borwa go ya Sevastopol / .Chersonesus , boema-kepe bjo bobotse bja tlhago, motheo o mogolo wa madira a ka lewatleng le motse o mogolo kudu pheninsuleng. Hlogong ya Sevastopol Bay go eme Inkermann /Kalamita. Borwa bja Sevastopol go na le Hloahloa e nyenyane ya Heracles .

Lebopo la lewatle magareng ga Sudak le Novy Svet

Borwa: Ka borwa, magareng ga Dithaba tša Crimean le lewatle go na le lefelo le le sesane la lebopong leo le bego le swerwe ke ma-Genoese le (ka morago ga 1475) ke ma-Turkey. Ka tlase ga pušo ya Russia e ile ya fetoga mohuta wa riviera . Mehleng ya Soviet matlo a mantši a bogoši a ile a tšeelwa legato ke di- dacha le mafelo a boikhutšo a tša maphelo. Go tloga bodikela go ya bohlabela ke: Heracles Peninsula ; Balaklava /Symbalon/Cembalo, boema-kepe bjo bonyenyane bja tlhago ka borwa bja Sevastopol; Foros , ntlha ya ka borwa kudu; Alupka le Mošate wa Vorontsov (Alupka) ; Gaspra ya go tswalela ; Yalta ya ; Gurzuf e le . Alushta o ile a. Go ya pele ka bohlabela ke Sudak /Sougdia/Soldaia ka sebo sa yona sa Genoese. Go ya pele ka bohlabela go sa dutše go e-na le Theodosia/Kaffa/ Feodosia , yeo e kilego ya ba makgoba-mart e kgolo le mohuta wa motse-mošate bakeng sa ma-Genoese le ma-Turkey. Ka go se swane le maema-kepe a mangwe a ka borwa, Feodosia ga e na dithaba ka leboa la yona. Bofelong bja ka bohlabela bja Hloahloa ya Kerch ya 90 km (56 mi) ke Kerch / Panticapaeum , yeo e kilego ya ba motse-mošate wa Mmušo wa Bosporia . Ka borwa bja Kerch Leporogo le lefsa la Crimea (leo le butšwego ka 2018) le kgokaganya Crimea le Hloahloa ya Taman .

Lewatle la Azov: Go na le mo gonyenyane lebopong la ka borwa. Lebopo la ka bodikela le swailwe ka Arabat Spit . Ka morago ga yona ke Syvash goba "Lewatle la Putrid", tshepedišo ya matsha le meboto yeo ka leboa la kgole e atologelago bodikela go ya Perekop Isthmus. Maporogo a ditsela le a seporo a tshela karolo ya ka leboa ya Syvash.

Ka gare: Bontši bja metse-mošate yeo e kilego ya ba ya Crimea e be e eme ka lehlakoreng la ka leboa la dithaba. Mangup /Doros (Se-Gothic, Se-Theodoro). Bakhchisarai (1532-1783) le ba bangwe. Borwa-bohlabela bja Bakhchisarai ke cliff-fort ya Chufut-Kale /Qirq Goba yeo e bego e dirišwa dinakong tše di ratago ntwa kudu. Simferopol /Ak-Mechet, motse-mošate wa mehleng yeno. Karasu-Bazar /Bilohorsk e be e le lefelo la kgwebo. Solkhat/ Staryi Krym e be e le motse-mošate wa kgale wa Tatar. Ditoropo tšeo di lego tikologong ya ka leboa ya steppe ka moka ke tša mehleng yeno, kudu-kudu Dzhankoi , e lego lefelo le legolo la go kopana ga ditsela le ditimela.

Dinoka: E telele kudu ke Salhyr , yeo e rotogelago ka borwa-bohlabela bja Simferopol gomme e elela ka leboa le ka leboa-bohlabela go ya Lewatleng la Azov. Alma e elela ka bodikela go fihla Lewatleng le Letšo magareng ga Yevpatoria le Sevastopol. Chornaya e kopana e elela ka bodikela go ya Sevastopol Bay.

Kgauswi: Bohlabela bja Kerch Strait Bagerika ba Bogologolo ba ile ba hloma dikoloni kua Phanagoria (hlogong ya Taman Bay ), Hermonassa (ka morago e le Tmutarakan le Taman ), Gorgippia (ka morago e le boema-kepe bja Turkey gomme ga bjale e le Anapa). Ntlheng ya ka leboa-bohlabela ya Lewatle la Azov molomong wa Noka ya Don go be go e-na le Tanais , Azak/ Azov gomme bjale Rostov-on-Don . Leboa la pheninsula Dnieper e retologela bodikela gomme e tsena ka Lewatleng le Letšo ka bohlabela–bodikela bja Dnieper-Bug Estuary yeo gape e amogelago Noka ya Bug. Molomong wa Bug go be go eme Olvia . Molomong wa estuary ke Ochakiv .Odessa e eme moo lebopong le retologelago ka borwa-bodikela. Go ya pele ka borwa-bodikela ke Tyras /Akkerman/ Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi .

Dithaba tša Crimea [ edita mohlodi ] .

Sehlogo se segolo: Dithaba tša Crimea

Thaba ya Eclizee-Burun

Lebopo la borwa-bohlabela le dikologilwe ka bokgole bja dikhilomithara tše 8-12 (5.0–7.5 mi) go tšwa lewatleng ke mohuta wa go bapelana wa dithaba: Dithaba tša Crimea. [37] Dithaba tše di thekgwa ke methaladi ya bobedi ya go bapelana .

Mohuta o mogolo wa dithaba tše o rotoga ka tšhoganetšo ye e sa tlwaelegago go tšwa lebatong le le tseneletšego la Lewatle le Letšo go ya go bophagamo bja dimithara tše 600–1,545 (1,969–5,069 ft), go thoma ntlheng ya borwa-bodikela bja pheninsula, yeo e bitšwago Cape Fiolente  [ uk ] . Dinonwane tše dingwe tša Segerika di bolela gore go thwe kepisi ye e be e rwešitšwe mphapahlogo wa tempele ya Artemis moo Iphigeneia a bego a šoma bjalo ka moperisita wa mosadi. [10] Uchan-su , e lego lebopong la ka borwa la dithaba, ke phororo e phagamego kudu kua Crimea. [38 .]

Hydrography [ rulaganya mohlodi ] .

"Crimea noka" e redirects mona. Go se gakantšhwa le Cry Me a River .

Go na le dinoka tše 257 le melapo e megolo pheninsuleng ya Crimea; Di fepša kudu ke meetse a pula, ka go tologa ga lehlwa go kgatha tema e nyenyane kudu. Se se dira gore go be le go fetofetoga mo gogolo ga ngwaga le ngwaga ga go elela ga meetse, ka melapo e mentši yeo e omelelago ka mo go feletšego nakong ya selemo. [39] Dinoka tše kgolo kudu ke Salhyr (Salğır, Салгир), Kacha (Кача), Alma (Алма) le Belbek (Бельбек). Gape bohlokwa ke Kokozka (Kökköz goba Коккозка), Indole (Indol goba Индо́л), Chorna (Çorğun, Chernaya goba kota), Derekoika (Dereköy goba Дерекойка), [40] Karasu-Bashi (Biyuk-Karasu goba - Карасу) (lekala la Noka ya Salhyr), Burulcha (Бурульча) (gape ke lekala la Salhyr), Uchan-su, le ba Ulu-Uzen'. Noka e telele ka ho fetisisa ea Crimea ke Salhyr ka 204 km (127 mi). Belbek e na le palogare e kgolo kudu ya go tšhollwa ka dikhubikimitha tše 2.16 ka motsotswana (76 cu ft/s). [41] Alma le Kacha ke dinoka tša bobedi le tša boraro tše telele kudu. [42 .]

Ka morago ga go thopa Crimea ke Russia, Ukraine e ile ya thibela North Crimean Canal , yeo e ilego ya nea 85% ya meetse a go nwa le a temo a Crimea. [43 .]

Go na le matsha a letswai a go feta masomehlano le dipane tša letswai pheninsuleng. E kgolo ya tšona ke Letsha la Sasyk (Сасык) lebopong la ka borwa-bodikela; tše dingwe di akaretša Aqtas , Koyashskoye, Kiyatskoe, Kirleutskoe, Kizil-Yar, Bakalskoe le Donuzlav . [44] Tshekamelo ya kakaretšo ke gore matsha a peleng a fetoge dipane tša letswai. [45] Letsha la Syvash (Sıvaş goba Сива́ш) ke tshepedišo ya matsha a sa tsepamago ao a kgokaganego lebopong la ka leboa-bohlabela, le akaretša lefelo la go dikologa 2,560 km 2 (988 sq mi). Matamo a mmalwa a hlotše matamo; gare ga tše dikgolo kudu ke Simferopolskoye, Alminskoye, [46] Taygansky le Belogorsky ka borwa bja Bilohirskkua Bilohirsk e lego Raion . [47] Mokero wa North Crimea , wo o sepetšago meetse go tšwa go Dnieper , ke o mogolo kudu wa mekero ya nošetšo yeo e dirilwego ke motho pheninsuleng. [48 ​​.]

Crimea e lebeletšane le mathata a tlhaelelo ya meetse ao a sa kago a bonwa . [49 ][50 .]

Steppe [ rulaganya mohlodi ] .

Sehlogo se segolo: Pontic–Caspian steppe

Diphesente tše masomešupa-hlano tša lefelo leo le šetšego la Crimea e na le dinaga tša mašoka tšeo di omilego ka tekanyo e itšego, e lego tšwelopele ya go ya borwa ya Pontic–Caspian steppe, yeo e sekamego ka boleta ka leboa-bodikela go tšwa maotong a dithaba tša Crimea. Di- kurgan tše dintši , goba dithota tša poloko , tša ma-Scythia tša bogologolo di phatlaletše go phatša mašoka a Crimea.

Crimean Riviera [ rulaganya mohlodi ] .

Seswantšho:220px-Ялта Южный берег ДДима.jpgImage53.png

Dithaba tša Crimea ka morago le Yalta bjalo ka ge go bonwa go tšwa Tsela ya Tsar .

Sebopego sa naga seo se lego ka borwa bja molokeloke wa Dithaba tša Crimea tšeo di šireletšago ke sa semelo se se fapanego ka mo go feletšego. Mo, lefelo le le sesane la lebopo le maphoto a dithaba di kgangwa ke botala. "Riviera" ena e otlolla ho bapa le lebōpo la boroa-bochabela ho tloha capes Fiolente le Aya , ka boroa, ho Feodosia. E tletše ka mafelo a go hlapa a lewatle a selemo a bjalo ka Alupka , Yalta , Gurzuf , Alushta , Sudak le Feodosia . Nywageng ya pušo ya Soviet, mafelo a boikhutšo le di- dacha tša lebopong le di ile tša šoma e le di- perquisite tše dikgolo tša bao ba botegago dipolitiking. [ go nyakega tsopolo ] .Go tlaleletša, dirapa tša merara le dirapa tša dienywa di hwetšwa ka seleteng. Go rea dihlapi, meepo le go tšweletša makhura a bohlokwa le tšona di bohlokwa. Metse e mentši ya ma-Tatar ya Crimea, mafelo a borapedi, mafelo a baitlami , le matlo a bogoši a lapa la mmušo wa Russia le bahlomphegi di hwetšwa mo, gotee le dibo tše di kgahlišago tša bogologolo tša Gerika le tša mehleng ya magareng.

Dithaba tša Crimea le lebopo la ka borwa ke karolo ya ecoregion e raraganego ya sethokgwa sa Crimean Submediterranean . Dimela tša tlhago di na le mafelo a dihlašana, mafelo a dithokgwa le dithokgwa, tšeo di nago le boemo bja leratadima le dimela tše di swanago le tša Mediterranean Basin .

Tlelaemete [ edita mohlodi ] .

Seswantšho:Novyi Svit IMG 2941 1725.jpgImage54.png

Lebopo la ka borwa la Crimea le na le boemo bja leratadima bja ka tlase ga leratadima

Crimea e magareng ga mapanta a boemo bja leratadima bjo bo fodilego le bja ka tlase ga borutho gomme e hlaolwa ka boemo bja leratadima bjo borutho le bjo bo nago le letšatši. [51] E hlaolwa ka go fapafapana le go ba gona ga microclimates. [51] Dikarolo tša ka leboa la Crimea di na le boemo bja leratadima bja kontinente bjo bo lekanetšego ka marega a makopana eupša a tonyago le selemo se se omilego sa go fiša ka tekanyo. [52] Mafelong a bogareng le a dithaba boemo bja leratadima ke bja phetogo magareng ga boemo bja leratadima bja kontinente ka leboa le boemo bja leratadima bja Mediterranean ka borwa. [52] Marega a boleta ka bophagamo bja fase (ka tlase ga meboto) le go tonya ka bophagamo bjo bo phagamego. [52 .]Selemo se a fiša mafelong a tlase gomme se ruthetše dithabeng. [52] Boemo bja leratadima bja ka fase ga borutho, bja Mediterranean bo buša dilete tša lebopong la ka borwa, bo hlaolwa ka marega a boleta le selemo se se fišago ka magareng, se se omilego. [52 .]

Boemo bja leratadima bja Crimea bo tutuetšwa ke lefelo la yona la thutafase, kimollo le ditutuetšo tšeo di tšwago lewatleng le Letšo . [51] Lebopo la Crimea le šireleditšwe go tšwa go mašaba a moya o tonyago ao a tšwago ka leboa gomme, ka lebaka leo, le na le marega a boleta. [51] Ditutuetšo tša lewatle go tšwa Lewatleng le Letšo di lekanyeditšwe mafelong a lebopong; ka gare ga pheninsula khuetšo ya lewatle e fokola ebile ga e kgathe tema ye bohlokwa. [51] Ka lebaka la gore tshepedišo ya kgatelelo ya godimo e le ka leboa la Crimea ka bobedi selemo le marega, diphefo di tšwa kudu go tšwa ka leboa le leboa-bohlabela ngwaga ka moka. [51] Marega diphefo tše di tliša moya wo o tonyago, wo o omilego wa kontinente, mola selemo di tliša boso bjo bo omilego le bjo bo fišago. [51 .]Diphefo tše di tšwago ka leboa-bodikela di tliša moya o borutho le o kolobilego go tšwa Lewatleng la Atlantic, di baka pula nakong ya selemo le selemo. [51] Gape, diphefo go tšwa ka borwa-bodikela di tliša moya wo borutho kudu le wo o kolobilego go tšwa go dilatitude tša ka fase ga tropike tša Lewatle la Atlantic le lewatle la Mediterranean gomme di hlola pula nakong ya go wa le marega. [51 .]

Dithemperetšha tša magareng tša ngwaga le ngwaga di tloga go 10 °C (50.0 °F) ka leboa la kgole ( Armiansk ) go ya go 13 °C (55.4 °F) ka borwa bja kgole ( Yalta ). [51] Dithabeng, themperetšha ya ngwaga ka ngwaga e ka ba 5.7 °C (42.3 °F). [51] Bakeng sa koketšego ye nngwe le ye nngwe ya 100 m (330 ft) ya bophagamo, dithemperetšha di fokotšega ka 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) mola pula e oketšega. [51] Ka Pherekgong dithemperetšha tša magareng di tloga go −3 °C (26.6 °F) kua Armiansk go ya go 4.4 °C (39.9 °F) kua Myskhor . [51] Dithemperetšha tša sehla se se fodilego di na le palogare ya go dikologa 7 °C (44.6 °F) gomme ke ka sewelo gore boso bo theoge ka fase ga go tonya ntle le dithabeng, moo gantši go nago le lehlwa. [53 .]Ka Phupu bolela dithemperetšha di tloga go 15.4 °C (59.7 °F) ka Ai-Petri go ya go 23.4 °C (74.1 °F) ka dikarolong tša bogareng bja Crimea go ya go 24.4 °C (75.9 °F) ka Myskhor. [51] Nako ya go hloka tšhwaane e tloga go matšatši a 160 go ya go a 200 ka dileteng tša steppe le dithaba go ya go matšatši a 240–260 lebopong la borwa. [51 .]

Pula ka Crimea e fapana kudu go ya ka lefelo; e tloga go dimilimithara tše 310 (12,2 in) kua Chornomorske go ya go dimilimithara tše 1 220 (48,0 in) mafelong a phagamego kudu dithabeng tša Crimea. [51] Dithaba tša Crimea di tutuetša kudu tekanyo ya pula yeo e lego gona pheninsuleng. [51] Le ge go le bjalo, bontši bja Crimea (88.5%) bo amogela pula ya dimilimithara tše 300 go ya go tše 500 (11.8 go ya go 19.7 in) ka ngwaga. [51] Dithota gantši di amogela 300 go ya go 400 millimeters (11.8 go ya go 15.7 in) ya pula ka ngwaga, e oketšega go fihla go 560 millimeters (22.0 in) ka lebopong la ka borwa maemong a lewatle. [51] Dikarolo tša ka bodikela tša dithaba tša Crimea di amogela pula ya go feta 1,000 millimeters (39.4 in) ka ngwaga.[51] Go na ga lehlwa go tlwaelegile dithabeng nakong ya marega. [52 .]

Bontši bja pheninsula e amogela diiri tše fetago 2 000 tša letšatši ka ngwaga; e fihla go diiri tše di fihlago go tše 2 505 tša letšatši kua Karabi–Yayla dithabeng tša Crimea. [51] Ka lebaka leo, boemo bja leratadima bo rata boithabišo le boeti. [51] Ka lebaka la boemo bja yona bja leratadima le diphuthelwana tša maeto tšeo di thekgwago ka ditšhelete go tšwa dikhamphaning tša mmušo tša Russia, lebopong la ka borwa la Crimea le dutše e le lefelo la boikhutšo le le tumilego bakeng sa baeng ba maeto ba Russia. [54 .]

Boleng bja togamaano [ edita mohlodi ] .

Tshedimošo ye nngwe: Black Sea Fleet

Mmapa wa tsela ya kgwebo ya histori (yeo e bontšhitšwego ka mmala o mophepolo) yeo e kgokaganyago Uppsala le Constantinople ka Cherson . Disenthara tše kgolo tša Kievan Rus’ – Kyiv ka boyona, Novgorod le Ladoga – di ile tša tšwelela go bapa le tsela ye.

Maema-kepe a Lewatle le Letšo la Crimea a nea phihlelelo ya ka pela go Bohlabela bja Mediterranean , Balkans le Bohlabela bja Magareng. Go ya ka histori , go ba le lebopo la ka borwa la Crimea go be go tsongwa ke bontši bja mebušo ya selete se segolo go tloga kgale ( Roma , Byzantium , Ottoman , Russia , Brithania le Fora , Nazi Jeremane , Soviet ). [55 .]

Noka ya Dnieper yeo e lego kgauswi ke tsela ye kgolo ya meetse le tsela ya dinamelwa yeo e tshelago kontinente ya Yuropa go tloga ka leboa go ya borwa gomme mafelelong e kgokaganya Lewatle le Letšo le Lewatle la Baltic , ya bohlokwa bja maano ga e sa le go tloga tseleng ya kgwebo ya histori go tšwa go Varangians go ya go Bagerika . Lewatle le Letšo le šoma e le tsela ya tša boiphedišo yeo e kgokaganyago tikologo ya Caucasus le Lewatle la Caspian go ya bogareng le Bohlabela bja Yuropa. [56 .]

Go ya ka Mokgatlo wa Bašomi wa Dinamelwa wa Ditšhaba-tšhaba , go fihla ka 2013 [mpshafatša]go be go e-na le bonyenyane maema-kepe a 12 ao a bego a šoma ka lewatleng a bagwebi kua Crimea. [57 .]

Ekonomi [ edita mohlodi ] .

Bona gape: Dikiletšo tša boditšhabatšhaba nakong ya mathata a Ukraine

Boeti ke lekala le bohlokwa la ekonomi ya Crimea

Ka 2016 Crimea e bile le GDP ya Leina ya US$ 7 pilione le US$ 3,000 ka motho. [58 .]

Makala a magolo a moruo wa mehleng yeno wa Crimea ke temo le dipheta tša di- oyster tša go rea dihlapi, intaseteri le tšweletšo, boeti le maema-kepe. dimela indasteri di teng bakeng sa karolo e khōlō ka boroa lebōpong la leoatle (Yevpatoria, Sevastopol, Feodosia, Kerch) libakeng tsa rephabliki, tse seng kae ka leboea (Armiansk, Krasnoperekopsk, Dzhankoi), ka thoko ho tloha sebakeng se bohareng, haholo-holo Simferopol okrug le sebakeng sa ka bochabela ka Nizhnegorsk (dimela tse seng kae, e tšoanang bakeng sa Dzhankoj) motse. Metse e bohlokwa ya diintaseteri e akaretša Dzhankoi , yeo e nago le kgokagano e kgolo ya seporo, Krasnoperekopsk le Armiansk , gare ga tše dingwe.

Ka morago ga go thopa Crimea ke Russia mathomong a 2014 le dikiletšo tšeo di ilego tša latela tšeo di bego di lebišitšwe go Crimea, intaseteri ya baeti e ile ya lahlegelwa kudu ka nywaga e mebedi. Phallo ya bao ba yago maikhutšong e theogile ka 35 lekgolong seripagare sa mathomo sa 2014 nakong ye e swanago ya 2013. [59] Palo ya baeng bao ba fihlago e fihlile go rekoto ka 2012 go dimilione tše 6.1. [60] Go ya ka taolo ya Russia ya Crimea, di ile tša theoga go fihla go dimilione tše 3,8 ka 2014, [61] gomme tša boela sekeng go fihla go dimilione tše 5,6 ka 2016. [62]

Diintaseteri tše bohlokwa kudu kua Crimea di akaretša tšweletšo ya dijo, mafelo a dikhemikhale, boentšeneare bja metšhene le go šoma ka ditšhipi le diintaseteri tša go tšweletša makhura. [63] Diphesente tše masometshela tša mmaraka wa intasteri ke tša tšweletšo ya dijo. Go na le palomoka ya dikgwebo tše kgolo tša intasteri tše 291 le dikgwebopotlana tše 1002. [63 .]

Ka 2014, GDP ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya repabliki e be e le diranta tše dimilione tše dikete tše 4,3 (e lego e nyenyane ka makga a 500 go feta bogolo bja tša boiphedišo bja Russia). Palogare ya mogolo e be e le $ 290 ka kgwedi. Tlhaelelo ya tekanyetšo e bile diranta tše dimilione tše dikete tše 1,5. [64 .]

Temo [ edit mohlodi ] .

Temo seleteng se e akaretša dijo-thollo, go bjala merogo, go lema dirapana le go dira beine , kudu-kudu dileteng tša Yalta le Massandra . Tšweletšo ya diruiwa e akaretša tswadišo ya dikgomo, go hlokomela dikgogo, le tswadišo ya dinku. [63] Ditšweletšwa tše dingwe tšeo di tšweleditšwego Peninsuleng ya Crimea di akaretša letswai, porphyry , kalaka , le leswika la tšhipi (leo le hweditšwego go dikologa Kerch ) go tloga mehleng ya bogologolo. [10 .]

Mealybug ya morara ( Planococcus ficus ) e ile ya utollwa la mathomo mo ka 1868. E utolotšwe la mathomo go morara , gape e hweditšwe e le disenyi tša dibjalo tše dingwe gomme ga e sa le go tloga ka nako yeo e phatlaletše lefaseng ka bophara. [65] Disenyi tša Sunn —kudu Eurygaster integriceps [66] le E. maura [67] —ke disenyi tše bohlokwa tša mabele . [66] Scelioninae le Tachinidae ke diparasitoid tše bohlokwa tša sunnpest. [66] Dikhunkhwane tša dikgapetla ke disenyi tša dibjalo tša mehlare , gomme ka botšona ke baamogedi baDi- elattoma mites ledifankase tše di fapa-fapanego tšeo di bakago bolwetši bja diphelakadingwe tšeo di fetišetšwago ke di- Elattoma tšeo . [68 ][69 .]

Eneji [ edita mohlodi ] .

Crimea also possesses several natural gas fields both onshore and offshore , tšeo di bego di thoma go phulwa ke dikhamphani tša oli le gase tša ka bodikela pele di ka kopanywa. [70 ][71] Mašemo a ka gare ga naga a hwetšwa ka Chornomorske le Dzhankoi , mola mašemo a ka ntle ga lewatle a le lebopong la ka bodikela ka Lewatleng le Letšo le lebopong la ka leboa-bohlabela ka Lewatleng la Azov: [72]

Leina	Mohuta	Lefelo	Dipolokelo
Dzhankoi tšimo ea khase	mo lebopong	Dzhankoi ya go dira bjalo
Holitsynske tšimo ea khase	ka ntle ga lewatle	Lewatle le Letšo
Karlovy Vary tšimo ea khase	mo lebopong	Chornomorske ya go swana le yona
Lebala la khase la Crimea	ka ntle ga lewatle	Lewatle le Letšo
Lebala la khase la Odessa [73 .]	ka ntle ga lewatle	Lewatle le Letšo	21 bilione m 3
Lebala la khase la Schmidta	ka ntle ga lewatle	Lewatle le Letšo
Shtormvaia tšimo ea khase	ka ntle ga lewatle	Lewatle le Letšo
Strilkove tšimo ea khase	ka ntle ga lewatle	Lewatle la Azov

Repabliki e bile e na le mafelo a mabedi a oli : e nngwe lebopong, tšhemo ya oli ya Serebryankse kua Rozdolne , le e nngwe ka ntle ga lewatle, lefelo la oli la Subbotina Lewatleng le Letšo.

Mohlagase

Crimea e na le 540 MW ya bokgoni bja yona bja tlhagišo ya mohlagase, go akaretšwa Polante ya Mohlagase ya Mogote ya Simferopol ya 100 MW, Polante ya Mohlagase wa Mogote ya Sevastopol ya 22 MW le Polante ya Mohlagase ya Mogote ya 19 MW ya Kamish-Burunskaya. [74] Tlhagišo ye ya mohlagase ya selegae e ipontšhitše e sa lekana go tšhomišo ya selegae gomme ga e sa le go tloga ge e thopša ke Russia, Crimea e be e ithekgile ka thapo ya mohlagase ya ka fase ga meetse go ya nagengkgolo ya Russia. [75 .]

Tšweletšo ye ya maatla e beakantšwe go matlafatšwa ke go agwa ga le kgauswi le go thoma ga dipolante tše pedi tša go fiša tša turbo tša mouwane wa khase ya modikologo wa modikologo wo o kopantšwego wa PGU, ka bobedi di fa 470 MW (116 167 MW GT, 235 MW block), go aga (polante) ke TPE gotee ba bangwe ba na le diphetolelo tšeo di filwego ke Metšhene ya Matla (UTZ KalugaTZ ?), NPO Saturn ka Perm PMZ; e ka ba GTD-110M fetotsoeng kapa GTE-160 kapa 180 diyuniti kapa UTZ KTZ kapa e V94.2 reka ke MAPNA, fetotsoeng ka dimela Russia bakeng sa PGU Thermal dimela specifics.

Gape dipolante tše dintši tša SES tša photovoltaic tša letšatši di rapaletše go bapa le pheninsula, go tlaleletša go lefelo le lenyenyane ka leboa la Sevastopol. Gape go na le polante ya Saky ya go fiša ya khase yeo e lego kgauswi le polante ya dikhemikhale ya Jodobrom gomme SaKhZ(SaChP) e godišitše tšweletšo ka di-turbogenerator tša Perm GTE GTU25P (PS90GP25 25 MW aeroderivative GP) PGU. Dipolante tša kgale tšeo di šomago di akaretša Sevastopol TEC (kgauswi le Inkerman) yeo e šomišago diphetolelo tša AEG le Ganz Elektro le di-turbogenerator tšeo di tšweletšago mo e ka bago 25 MW e nngwe le e nngwe, Sinferopol TEC (ka leboa, ka lefelong la Agrarne) Yepvatoria, Kamysh Burun TEC (Kerch borwa – Zaliv) le a ba bangwe ba sego kae.

Dinamelwa [ edita mohlodi ] .

Seswantšho:Edit-clear.svg.pngImage57.png

Karolo ye e na le palo ya mehlala, eupša e hloka kakaretšo ya kakaretšo ya hlogotaba ya yona. O ka thuša ka go oketša karolo e swanetšego ya matseno . Thušo ya go rulaganya e a hwetšagala. (Mopitlo 2014)

Borogo bja Crimea

Borogo bja Crimea

Trolleybus kgauswi le Alushta

Tsela ya megala kua Yalta

Sehlogo se segolo: Borogo bja Crimea

Ka May 2015, mošomo o ile wa thoma go dira kgokagano ya tsela le seporo ya diranta tše dimilione tše dikete (para ya maporogo ao a bapilego) go putla Kerch Strait. [76] Borogo bja tsela bo butšwe ka Motsheganong 2018, gomme leporogo la seporo le butšwe ka Dibatsela 2019. [b] Ka botelele bja 19 km, ke leporogo le letelele kudu kua Yuropa, ka ge le fentše Borogo bja Vasco da Gama kua Lisbon .

Dinamelwa tša bohle

Mo e nyakilego go ba lefelo le lengwe le le lengwe la bodulo kua Crimea le kgokagantšwe le lefelo le lengwe la bodulo ka mela ya dipese. Crimea e na le tsela e telele ka ho fetisisa (96 km kapa 59 mi) trolleybus lefatšeng, e thehiloeng ka 1959, e otlolla ho tloha Simferopol ho ea Yalta. [78] Mothaladi wa trolleybus o thoma kgauswi le Seteišene sa Seporo sa Simferopol (ka dinakong tša Soviet o thomile kgauswi le Boemafofane bja Boditšhabatšhaba bja Simferopol ) go phatša dithaba go ya Alushta le go ya pele go ya Yalta. Bolelele ba mola bo ka ba 90 km le bapalami ba abelwa setulo. Simferopol, Yalta le Alushta le tšona di na le netweke ya di-trolleybus tša ditoropong le tša ka ntle ga toropo. Di-trolleybus le tšona di šomišwa kua Sevastopol le Kerch

Motseng wa Yevpatoria tshepedišo ya terempe le yona e a šomišwa. Motseng wa kgauswi wa toropo wa Molochnoye , mothaladi wa terempe wa botelele bja dikhilomithara tše 1,6 o nea kgokagano e nnoši magareng ga lebopong la lewatle le lefelo la maikhutšo, eupša tshepedišo ya yona e emišitšwe go tloga ka 2015.

Sephethephethe sa seporo

Go na le mela e mebedi ya diporo yeo e phatšago Crimea: Armiansk yeo e sa tšhetšwego mohlagase —Kerch (yeo e nago le kgokagano ya go ya Feodosia), le Melitopol yeo e nago le mohlagase —Simferopol -Sevastopol (yeo e nago le kgokagano ya go ya Yevpatoria), yeo e kgokaganyago Crimea le naga-kgolo ya Ukraine.

Go fihla ka 2014 netweke e be e le karolo ya Cisdneper Directorate ya Diporo tša Ukraine . Diterene tša sebaka se setelele di ile tša nea kgokagano go metse e mengwe le e mengwe e megolo ya Ukraine, eupša gape le metseng e mentši ya Russia, Belarus le go fihla mafelelong a bo-2000 gaešita le go ya Vilnius , Riga , Warsaw le Berlin .

Ga e sa le go tloga ka 2014 diporo di šomišwa ke Seporo sa Crimea . Ditimela tša lefelong leo ke tša Yuzhnaya Prigorodnaya Passazhirskaya Kompaniya (Khamphani ya Banamedi ya Borwa bja Suburban), e hlankela netweke ka moka ya pheninsula le ka Borogo bja Crimean ditimela tše tharo letšatši le letšatši go ya Anapa . Diterene tša sebaka se setelele ka fase ga leina la Tavriya – tšeo di šomišwago ke khamphani ya Grand Servis Ekspress – di kgokaganya Sevastopol le Simferopol letšatši le letšatši le Moscow le Saint Petersburg, ka sehla sa selemo Yevpatoria le Feodosia le tšona di kgokagantšwe thwii ke tšona. Makhetlo a mmalwa ka beke Simferopol e boetse e amana le Volgograd , Sochi , Yekaterinburg , Omskgaešita le Murmansk ka terene.

Merero ye mengwe ya tlhabollo e na le mola wa go kgaotša magareng ga Simferopol le Kerch, le go tsenya mohlagase ka botlalo ga netweke ka go fetoša gagamalo ya mela yeo e šetšego e na le mohlagase go tšwa go 3 kV DC go ya go 25 kV 50 Hz AC.

Boema-fofane ba boditšhabatšhaba* Simferopol International Airport 's e ncha terminal bula ka ho tloha April 2018 le bokgoni ba ho tšoara 6.5 milione banamedi ka selemo. [79] E agilwe ka dikgwedi tše 22 gomme e akaretša lefelo la disekweremithara tše 78 000. [80 .]

Ditsela tše dikgolo* (ka tlase ga kago) Tsela e kgolo ya Tavrida (tsela Yevpatoria-) Sevastopol – Simferopol (SW go ya WN go ya East ring) – Bilohirsk – leboa Feodosia – Kerch borwa (borogo bja moedi)

• E105 /M18 – Syvash (borokho, bo qala), Dzhankoi , North Crimean Canal (borokho), Simferopol , Alushta , Yalta (bofelo) .
• E97 /M17 – Perekop (e qala), Armiansk , Dzhankoi , Feodosia , Kerch ( sekepe , se fella) .
• A290 – Novorossiysk go ya Kerch ka Borogo bja Crimea (yeo pele e bego e tsebja e le Tsela e Kgolo ya M25) .
• H05 – Krasnoperekopsk , Simferopol (phihlello ya Boema-fofane ba Boditšhabatšhaba bja Simferopol) .
• H06 - Simferopol , Bakhchysarai , Sevastopol
• H19 - Yalta , Sevastopol
• P16
• P23 – S i ​​m f e r o p o l , Feodosia
• P25 – Simferopol , Yevpatoria
• P27 – Sevastopol , Inkerman (ka ho feletseng ka hare ho motse oa Sevastopol) .
• P29 – Alushta , S u d a k , F e o d o s i e
• P34 – Alushta , Y a l t a
• P35 – Hrushivka, Sudak , le ba bangwe
• P58 – Sevastopol , Port "Komysheva Bukhta" (ka ho feletseng ka hare ho motse oa Sevastopol)
• P59 (ka ho feletseng ka hare ho motse oa Sevastopol) .

Dinamelwa tša lewatle

Metse ya Yalta, Feodosia , Kerch , Sevastopol, Chornomorske le Yevpatoria e kgokagane ka ditsela tša lewatle.

Boeti [ edita mohlodi ] .

Seswantšho:Jalta - panoramio - L-BBE.jpgImage61.png

Boardwalk ka Yalta.

Sebo sa Genoese sa Caffa .

Mosque le jareteng ka Khan Palace ka Bakhchisaray

Tlhabollo ya Crimea e le lefelo la maikhutšo e thomile seripa-gare sa bobedi sa lekgolo la bo-19 la nywaga. Tlhabollo ya dinetweke tša dinamelwa e ile ya tliša mašaba a baeng ba go boga naga go tšwa dikarolong tša bogareng bja Mmušo wa Russia . Mathomong a lekgolo la bo-20 la nywaga, go ile gwa thoma tlhabollo e kgolo ya dintlo tša bogoši, di- villa le di- dacha—tšeo bontši bja tšona di sa lego gona. Tše ke tše dingwe tša mafelo a magolo a go gogela a Crimea e le lefelo la baeti. Go na le dinonwane tše dintši tša Crimea mabapi le mafelo a tumilego a boeti, tšeo di gogago tlhokomelo ya baeng ba go boga naga.

Mogato o mofsa wa tlhabollo ya baeti o thomile ge mmušo wa Soviet o thoma go kgothaletša boleng bja phodišo bja moya wa lefelong leo, matsha le leraga la kalafo. E ile ya ba lefelo la "bophelo bjo bobotse" bakeng sa bašomi ba Soviet, gomme baeng ba dikete tše makgolo ba Soviet ba ile ba etela Crimea.

Artek ke kampa ya peleng ya Babulamadibogo ba Bafsa Lewatleng le Letšo toropong ya Hurzuf , kgauswi le Ayu-Dag , yeo e hlomilwego ka 1925. [81 ][82] Ka 1969 e be e na le lefelo la 3.2 km 2 (1.2 sq mi), gomme e be e na le ya meago e 150. Ka go se swane le bontši bja dikampa tša babulamadibogo ba bafsa, Artek e be e le kampa ya ngwaga ka moka, ka baka la boemo bja leratadima bjo borutho. Artek e be e lebelelwa e le tokelo bakeng sa bana ba Soviet nakong ya ge e be e le gona, gotee le go bana ba tšwago dinageng tše dingwe tša bokomonisi. Nakong ya ge e be e gola, bana ba 27 000 ka ngwaga ba be ba tšea maikhutšo kua Artek. Magareng ga 1925 le 1969 kampa e be e amogela bana ba 300 000. [83] Ka morago ga go arogana ga Babulamadibogo ba Bafsaka 1991 botumo bja yona bo ile bja fokotšega, gaešita le ge e ile ya dula e le lefelo le le tumilego la maikhutšo. [82 .]

Ka bo-1990, Crimea e ile ya ba lefelo la go tšhaba go feta lefelo la "kaonafatšo ya maphelo". Mafelo ao a etetšwego kudu ke lebopong la ka borwa la Crimea ka metse ya Yalta le Alushta, lebopong la ka bodikela – Yevpatoria le Saky, le lebopong la ka borwa-bohlabela – Feodosia le Sudak. Go ya ka National Geographic , Crimea e be e le gare ga mafelo a 20 a godimo a go tšea maeto ka 2013. [84]

Mafelo a kgahlego a akaretša * Tafole ya cocktail

• Mošate wa Livadia
• Thaba ya Mithridat
• Letlotlo la Ba-Scythia
• Sehlaga sa go Metša
• Tauric Chersonesos o ile a hlokomela
• Mošate wa Vorontsov
• Mošate wa Bakhchisaray
• Massandra Mošate le Winery
• Novyi Svit
• Serapa sa Dimela sa Nikitsky
• Aivazovsky National Art Gallery ka Feodosia
• Naval musiamo rarahaneng Balaklava
• Moedi wa Dipoko

Dikotlo [ edita mohlodi ] .

Sehlogo se segolo: Dikiletšo tša boditšhabatšhaba nakong ya mathata a Ukraine

Ka morago ga go thopša ga Crimea ke Russia ka mo go sa lemogegego kudu, European Union , United States, Canada, Australia, Japane le dinaga tše dingwe tše mmalwa (go akaretša le Ukraine) di ile tša bea dikiletšo tša tša boiphedišo malebana le Russia, go akaretša le tše dingwe tšeo di bego di lebišitšwe Crimea ka mo go kgethegilego. Bontši bja dikiletšo tše di be di lebišitšwe go batho ka o tee ka o tee—bobedi ma-Russia le ma-Crimea. [85 ][86] Ka kakaretšo di thibela thekišo, kabo, phetišetšo, goba thomelontle ya dithoto le theknolotši ka mafapheng a mmalwa, go akaretšwa ditirelo tšeo di amanago thwii le boeti le mananeokgoparara. Ba lokeletša maema-kepe a šupago ao go ona dikepe tša go sepela ka sekepe di sa kgonego go ema. [87 ][88 ][89 ][90 .]Dikotlo kgahlanong le batho ka bomong di akaretša dikiletšo tša maeto le go gatsetša dithoto. Visa le MasterCard di ile tša emiša tirelo ka nakwana kua Crimea ka Dibatsela 2014. [91 ][92] Tshepedišo ya bosetšhaba ya dikarata tša tefo tša Russia bjale e dumelela dikarata tša Visa le MasterCard tšeo di ntšhitšwego ke dipanka tša Russia go šoma ka Crimea. [ citation needed ] Tshepedišo ya tefo ya Mir yeo e šomišwago ke Panka ya Bogare ya Russia e šoma Crimea gotee le Master Card le Visa. [ citation needed ] Lega go le bjalo, ga go na dipanka tše dikgolo tša ditšhaba-tšhaba kua Crimea. [93 .]

Dipolotiki [ edita mohlodi ] .

Dihlogo tše dikgolo: Dipolitiki tša Crimea le Boemo bja Dipolitiki bja Crimea

Bona gape: Ditaba tša Federal tša Russia

Bona gape: Dikarolo tša taolo tša Ukraine

Konsarata ya go swaya segopotšo sa bohlano sa go thopša ka Sevastopol, Crimea, March 2019

Crimea ke tšhemo yeo go ngangišanwago ka yona; Ukraine ga se ya tlogela thaetlele godimo ga tšhemo ya Crimea ga e sa le go tloga ditiragalong tša 2014 , gomme e sa dutše e diriša ditokelo tša de jure . Ba itšhidulla ka extremis taolo ya Repabliki e Ikemetšego ya Crimea go tšwa Kyiv ka Lefapheng la go Kopanya Gape ga Dilete tšeo di tšerwego ka Nakwana . Mopresidente wa Ukraine Zelenskiy o ile a lebiša tlhokomelo tabeng ye ka August 2022 ge a be a bolela gore go be go "hlokega go lokolla Crimea" go thopša ga Russia le go hloma gape "molao le taolo ya lefase", [94] ka morago ga gore a re "Ma-Russia a lemoga gore Crimea ke." e sego lefelo la bona." [95 .]

Crimea e arotšwe ka Repabliki ya Crimea le motse wa Sevastopol . Ga e sa le e ba balata ba bo-84 le ba bo-85 ba mmušo ba Russian Federation ka 2014, [96] bakgethi go bobedi bja tšona ba thekgile ka matla United Russia dikgethong tša lefelong leo le tša setšhaba . Dikgethong tša morago bjale tša palamente tša Crimea ka la 14 September 2014 , United Russia e thopile ditulo tše 70 go tše 75 Lekgotleng la Mmušo la Crimea leo le theilwego godimo ga 70% feela ya dikgetho. Go sa šetšwe megala go tšwa go ma-Tatar a lefelong leo a Crimea bakeng sa go boycotta dikgetho, palo ya bao ba ilego ba kgetha e be e le ka godimo ga 53%, e lego seo se bego se bapetšwa gabotse le dikgetho tša dileteng tše dingwe tša Russia. Ka morago ga dikgetho, Sergey Aksyonov o ile a baHlogo ya Repabliki ya Crimea : o be a kile a ba Hlogo ya Mošomo [ go nyakega tlhathollo ] go tloga ka la 14 Moranang 2014. United Russia gape ke mokgatlo wo o eteletšego pele Sebokeng sa Molao sa Sevastopol , ka ge a thopile ditulo tše 22 go tše 24 dikgethong tša mafelelo. [97] Mmušiši wa Sevastopol ke Dmitry Ovsyannikov yo a ilego a kgethwa la mathomo ka la 28 Phupu 2016 ka morago ga go rola modiro ga Sergey Menyaylo , gomme a hwetša go kgethwa gape ka 71% ya bouto ka la 10 Lewedi 2017.

United Russia e ile ya boloka boemo bja yona bjalo ka mokgatlo wa dipolotiki wo o thekgwago kudu go ralala le Crimea dikgethong tša go dira melao tša Russia ka la 18 September 2016 , ya fihlelela 72.8% ya dikgetho. Ka 49.1%, palo ya go kgetha e be e le pele go se nene go feta yeo ya Russia ka kakaretšo yeo e bego e le 47.8% fela. [98 .]

Ka 2018 Russia mopresidente dikgetho , Vladimir Putin secured 92% ya dikgetho ka Crimea bapisoa le 77% ho pholletsa le Russia ka kakaretso. [99 .]

Nyakišišo ya 2019 yeo e nago le tekanyo ya karabelo ya 54% e bontšhitše bontši bja badudi ba Crimea ba thekga pušo ya Russia, ka tumelelo ya sephetho sa referendume sa 2014 ka 84% gare ga ma-Russia, 77% gare ga ma-Ukraine, le 52% gare ga ma-Tatar. [100 .]

Dipalopalo tša batho [ edita mohlodi ] .

Sehlogo se segolo: Palo ya batho ya Crimea

Go fihla ka 2014 [mpshafatša], palo-moka ya baagi ba Repabliki ya Crimea le Sevastopol e be e le batho ba 2 248 400 (Repabliki ya Crimea: 1 889 485, Sevastopol: 395 000). [101] Se se theogile go tšwa go palo ya Palo ya Batho ya Ukraine ya 2001 , yeo e bego e le 2,376,000 (Repabliki ye e Ikemetšego ya Crimea: 2,033,700, Sevastopol: 342,451). [102 .]

Kereke ya Foros kgauswi le Yalta

Go ya ka palo ya batho ya 2014 ya Serussia, 84% ya badudi ba Crimea ba ile ba bitša Serussia e le leleme la bona la setlogo; 7.9% – Tatar ya Crimea; 3.7% – Mo- Tatar ; le 3.3% – Seukraine. [ citation needed ] E bile palo ya mathomo ya semmušo kua Crimea ga e sa le go tloga ge palo ya batho yeo e swerwego ke Ukraine ka 2001. [103]

Go ya ka palo ya batho ya 2001, 77% ya badudi ba Crimea ba ile ba reela Serussia e le leleme la bona la setlogo ; 11.4% – Motatar wa Crimea; le 10,1% – Seukraine. [104] Ka 2013, le ge go le bjalo, leleme la Setatar la Crimea le be le akanyetšwa go ba kgauswi le go fedišwa, le rutwa kua Crimea fela dikolong tše ka bago tše 15 ka nako yeo. Turkey e ile ya nea thekgo e kgolo kudu go ma-Tatar kua Ukraine, ao a bego a paletšwe ke go rarolla bothata bja thuto ka leleme la gabo bona kua Crimea, ka go tliša dikolo mmušong wa mehleng yeno. [105 ][106 .]

Sebopego sa morafo sa baagi ba Crimea se fetogile kudu ga e sa le go tloga mathomong a lekgolo la bo-20 la nywaga. Palo ya Mmušo ya Russia ya 1897 ya Mmušo wa Taurida e begile gore: 196 854 (13,06%) ya ma-Tatar a Crimea, ma-Russia a 404 463 (27,94%) le ma-Ukraine a 611 121 (42,21%). Eupša dipalo tše di be di akaretša Berdyansky, Dneprovsky le Melitopolsky uyezds tšeo di bego di le nagengkgolo, e sego ka Crimea. Palo ya palo ya batho go sa akaretšwe di-uyezd tše e filwe tafoleng ye e lego ka mo tlase.

Letšatšikgwedi

1785 [107 e le .]

1795 [107 e le .]

1816 [107 .]

1835 [107 e le .]

1850 [107 e le .]

1864 [107 .]

1897 [108 ][109 .]

1926 [110 .]

1939 [111 .]

1959 [112 .]

1970 e le

1979 [113 .]

1989 [114 ][115 .]

2001 [115 .]

2014 [116 .]

E phethwa ke

Mmušo wa Russia

Soviet Union

Ukraine

Russia

Sehlopha sa morabe

% 1 .

% 1 .

% 1 .

% 1 .

% 1 .

% 1 .

Nomoro

% 1 .

Nomoro

% 1 .

Nomoro

% 1 .

Nomoro

% 1 .

Nomoro

% 1 .

Nomoro

% 1 .

Nomoro

% 1 .

Nomoro

% 1 .

Nomoro

% 1 .

Marussia a

2,2% e le .

4,3% e le .

4,8% e le .

4,4% e le .

6,6% e le .

28,5% e le .

ba le 180 963

33,11% e le .

ba le 301 398

42,2% e le .

ba le 558 481

49,6% e le .

ba le 858 273

71,4% e le .

1 220 484 e le e 1

67,3% e le .

1 460 980 e le e 1

66,9% e le .

1 629 542 e le e 1

67,0% e le .

1 450 400 e le

60,4% e le .

1 492 078 e le

67,9% e le .

Ma-Ukraine

1,3% e le .

3,6% e le .

3,1% e le .

7% e le .

ba le 64 703

11,84% e le .

ba le 77 405

10,6% e le .

ba le 154 123

13,7% e le .

267 659 e le

22,3% e le .

ba le 480 733

26,5% e le .

ba le 547 336

25,1% e le .

ba le 625 919

25,8% e le .

ba le 576 600

24,0% e le .

ba le 344 515

15,7% e le .

Ma-Tatar a Crimea

84,1% e le .

87,6% ya .

85,9% e le .

83,5% ya .

77,8% e le .

50,3% e le .

ba le 194 294

35,55% e le .

ba le 179 094

25,1% e le .

ba le 218 879

19,4% e le .

ba le 5 422

0,2% e le .

ba le 38 365

1,6% e le .

ba le 245 200

10,2% e le .

ba le 232 340

10,6% e le .

Ma-Belarus

2 058 e le

0,38% ya .

ba le 3 842

0,5% e le .

ba le 6 726

0,6% e le .

ba le 21 672

1,8% e le .

ba le 39 793

2,2% e le .

45 000 (e) 1 .

2,1% e le .

ba le 50 045

2,1% e le .

ba le 35 000

1,5% e le .

ba le 21 694

1,0% e le .

Ma-Armenia

.6% ya .

1,3% e le .

1,5% e le .

1% 1 .

6,5% e le .

ba le 8 317

1,52% e le .

ba le 10 713

1,5% e le .

ba le 12 923

1,1% e le .

ba le 3 091

0,2% e le .

ba le 2 794

0,1% e le .

ba le 10 000

0,4% e le .

ba le 11 030

0,5% e le .

Bajuda

2,3% e le .

2,3% e le .

2% e le .

2,2% e le .

7% e le .

ba le 24 168

4,42% e le .

ba le 45 926

6,4% e le .

ba le 65 452

5,8% e le .

ba le 26 374

2,2% e le .

ba le 25 614

1,4% e le .

ba le 17 371

0,7% e le .

ba le 5 500

0,2% e le .

ba le 3 374

0,1% e le .

Ba bangwe

13,7% e le .

3,9% e le .

2,1% e le .

5,5% e le .

5,4% e le .

7,7% e le .

ba le 72 089

13,19% e le .

c.27,500 e leng

2,3% e le .

ba le 92 533

4,2% e le .

Palomoka ya palo ya badudi yeo e bolelago botšhaba

ba le 546 592

ba le 713 823

1 126 429 ya batho

1 813 502 e le

2 184 000 e le

2 430 495 e le

2 401 200 e le

2 197 564 e ile ya ba le

Botšhaba ga se bja bolelwa

ba le 12 000

ba le 87 205

Palomoka ya baagi

1 201 517 e le

2 458 600 e le

2 413 200 e le

2 284 769 e le bjalo

Ma-Tatar a Crimea, e lego merafo e nyenyane yeo e nago le Mamoseleme kudu yeo ka 2001 e bego e dira 12.1% ya baagi, [117] e ile ya hlongwa kua Crimea mathomong a mehleng ya sebjalebjale, ka morago ga ge Khanate ya Crimea e bile gona. Ma-Tatar a Crimea a ile a rakwa ka kgapeletšo Asia Bogare ke mmušo wa Joseph Stalin e le mokgwa wa kotlo e kopanego, ka mabaka a gore ba bangwe ba ile ba kopanela le Waffen-SS yeo e bego e hlasela , ba bopa Mašole a Ma-Tatar , nakong ya Ntwa ya II ya Lefase. Ka morago ga go wa ga Soviet Union, ma-Tatar a Crimea a ile a thoma go boela tikologong yeo. [118] Go ya ka palo ya badudi ya Ukraine ya 2001, 60% ya baagi ba Crimea ke ma-Russia a morafo gomme 24% ke ma-Ukraine a morafo. [117 .]

Bajuda kua Crimea historing e be e le ma- Krymchak le ma-Karaite (ba mafelelo e be e le sehlopha se senyenyane seo se bego se tsepame Yevpatoria ). Palo ya batho ya 1879 ya Taurida Governorate e begile palo ya Bajuda ya 4.20%, e sa akaretšwe palo ya Bakaraite ya 0.43%. Ma-Krymchak (eupša e sego ma-Karaite) a ile a hlaselwa bakeng sa go fedišwa nakong ya ge Manazi a be a thopa .

Palo ya Majeremane a Crimea e be e le 60,000 ka 1939. Nakong ya Ntwa ya II ya Lefase, ba ile ba rakwa ka kgapeletšo ka ditaelo tša Stalin, ka ge ba be ba tšewa bjalo ka "kholomo ya bohlano" yeo e ka bago gona. [119 ][120 ][121] Ye e be e le karolo ya Majeremane a 800,000 kua Russia ao a ilego a hudušwa ka gare ga Soviet Union mehleng ya Stalin. [122] Palo ya batho ya 2001 ya Ukraine e bega feela Majeremane a morafo a 2 500 (0,1% ya baagi) kua Crimea.

Ka ntle le Majeremane a Crimea, Stalin ka 1944 o ile a raka gape ma- Gerika a 70 000 , ma-Bulgaria a 14 000 [123] le Mataliana a 3 000 .

Tebelelo ya bophelo ge motho a belegwa*

"Tebelelo ya bophelo Repabliking ya Crimea"

Tebelelo ya bophelo Repabliking ya Crimea

• "Tebelelo ya bophelo kua Sevastopol"
  
  Tebelelo ya bophelo kua Sevastopol
• "Tebelelo ya bophelo kua Crimea le dileteng tša kgaufsi"
  
  Tebelelo ya bophelo kua Crimea le dileteng tša kgaufsi

Tumelo

Bodumedi bja Crimea (2013) [124 .]

  Orthodox (58%) .

  Mamoseleme (15%) .

  Tumelo ntle le bodumedi (10%) .

  Moila-Modimo (2%) .

  Bodumedi bjo bongwe (2%) .

  Ga se ya bolelwa (13%) .

Ka 2013, Bakriste ba Orthodox ba ile ba dira 58% ya baagi ba Crimea, ba latelwa ke Mamoseleme (15%) le badumedi ba Modimo bao ba se nago bodumedi (10%). [124 .]

Ka morago ga go thopša ga Crimea ka 2014 ke Russia , dipharishe tše 38 go tšwa go tše 46 tša Kereke ya Orthodox ya Ukraine – Kyiv Patriarchate ka Crimea di ile tša kgaotša go ba gona; maemong a mararo, dikereke di ile tša thopša ke balaodi ba Russia. [125] Go sa šetšwe go kopanywa ga yona, Kereke ya Orthodox ya Ukraine (Moscow Patriarchate) e ile ya boloka taolo ya di- eparchi tša yona kua Crimea. [126 .]

Setšo [ edita mohlodi ] .

Bona gape: Dinonwane tša Crimea le dijo tša Crimea tša Tatar

Alexander Pushkin ka Mošate wa Bakhchisaray. Setšoantšo sa Grigory Chernetsov

Alexander Pushkin o ile a etela Bakhchysarai ka 1820 gomme ka morago a ngwala sereto sa Sediba sa Bakhchisaray . Crimea e bile setlogo sa mošomo wa seminal wa Adam Mickiewicz , The Crimean Sonnets yeo e hlohleleditšwego ke leeto la gagwe la 1825. Letoto la disonete tše 18 le bopa go anega ga bokgabo ga leeto la go ya le go phatša Crimea, di bontšha ditlhalošo tša lerato tša tlhago ya ka bohlabela le setšo sa Bohlabela tšeo di bontšhago go itlhoboga ga bothopša bjo bo hlologetšego naga ya gabo bona, bjo bo rakilwego legaeng la gagwe ke motho yo šoro lenaba.

Ivan Aivazovsky , motaki wa lewatle wa lekgolong la bo-19 la nywaga wa setlogo sa Armenia, yo a lebelelwago e le yo mongwe wa bo-rabokgabo ba bagolo ba mehleng ya gagwe o belegetšwe Feodosia gomme a dula moo karolong e kgolo ya bophelo bja gagwe. Bontši bja diswantšho tša gagwe di bontšha Lewatle le Letšo. O ile a bopa gape le diswantšho tša ntwa nakong ya Ntwa ya Crimea. [127 .]

Crimean Tatar sebini Jamala o ile a hapa Eurovision Song Contest 2016 emela Ukraine ka pina ea hae " 1944 ", ka histori rakoa ha Crimean Tatars ka selemo seo ke balaoli ba Soviet. [128 .] *

"Seswantšho sa sehlopha sa Russia kua Sevastopol ka Ivan Aivazovsky (1846) ."

Seswantšho sa sehlopha sa Russia kua Sevastopol ka Ivan Aivazovsky (1846) .

• "Lebitla la seroki sa Russia le motaki Maximilian Voloshin"
  
  Lebitla la seroki sa Russia le motaki Maximilian Voloshin
• "Batho monyanyeng wa mmino wa Kazantip ka 2007"
  
  Batho monyanyeng wa mmino wa Kazantip ka 2007

Dipapadi [ edita mohlodi ] .

Ka morago ga bouto ya Crimea ya go tsenela Russia le go kopanywa ga yona ka morago ga moo ka March 2014, dihlopha tše di phagamego tša kgwele ya maoto di ile tša gogela morago diligi tša Ukraine . Dihlopha tše dingwe di ile tša ingwadiša go tsenela diligi tša Russia eupša Mokgatlo wa Kgwele ya Maoto wa Ukraine o ile wa ganetša. UEFA e ile ya ahlola gore dihlopha tša Crimea di ka se tsenele diligi tša Russia eupša go e na le moo di swanetše go ba karolo ya tshepedišo ya diligi tša Crimea. Crimean Premier League bjale ke liki ya godimo ya kgwele ya maoto ya profešenale kua Crimea . [129 .]

Baatlelete ba mmalwa bao ba belegwego Crimea ba neilwe tumelelo ya go phadišana bakeng sa Russia go e na le Ukraine diphadišanong tša nakong e tlago, go akaretša le Vera Rebrik , e lego mmotšwapele wa Yuropa wa go swara lerumo. [130] Ka lebaka la gore Russia ga bjale e emišitšwe go tšwa diphadišanong ka moka tša boditšhabatšhaba tša diatleletiki Rebrik o tšea karolo dithonamenteng bjalo ka moatlelete wa "go se tšee lehlakore". [131 .]

Gallery [ rulaganya mohlodi ] .

• "Mošate wa Bakhchisaray"
  
  Mošate wa Bakhchisaray
• "Mošate wa Dulber kua Koreiz"
  
  Mošate wa Dulber kua Koreiz
• "Mošate wa Vorontsov"
  
  Mošate wa Vorontsov
• "Mošate wa Livadia"
  
  Mošate wa Livadia
• "Kereke ya Katholika kua Yalta"
  
  Kereke ya Katholika kua Yalta
• "Kereke e Kgolo ea St. Vladimir, e nehetsoeng ho Bahale ba Sevastopol (Ntoa ea Crimea)."
  
  Kereke e Kgolo ya St. Vladimir , yeo e neetšwego go Bagale ba Sevastopol ( Ntwa ya Crimea ).

Bona gape [ edita mohlodi ] .

• 2014 Russia sesole tsenogare Ukraine
• Se-Gothic sa Crimea
• Lenaneo la metse e Crimea
• Dipolitiki tša Crimea
• Tumelelano ya Bogwera ya Russia–Ukraine ya 1997
• Temogo ya boditšhabatšhaba ya Repabliki ya Batho ya Donetsk le Repabliki ya Batho ya Luhansk

Dintlha [ edita mohlodi ] .

Dintlha tša tlhalošo [ edit source ] .

1. ^
   • Serussia : Crimea , se romane :  Krym
   • Seukraine : Krym , se romane :  Krym
   • Se- Tatar sa Crimea : Кирым , e fetotsoeng ka seroma :  Qırım
   • Segerika sa bogologolo : Kimmeria / Taurik , se se romane :  Kimmería / Taurikḗ
2. ^ Bakeng sa diterene tsa banamedi; ditimela tša go rwala merwalo di diega go fihla ka Phupu 2020, eupša se se hlolwa ke mošomo wo mongwe wo o nyakegago wo o swanetšego go dirwa diporong tša kgauswi,[77] e sego leporogong ka bolona.

Ditsopolo [ edita mohlodi ] .

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2. ^Tlolela godimo go ya go:a b "Ke 3.3% feela ya ma-Crime ao a Bolelago Seukraine e le Polelo ya Bona ya Setlogo - Setheo sa tshedimošo "Krym Media"." . E bolokilwe go tšwa go ya mathomo ka la 20 Moranang 2015 . E hweditšwe ka la 7 Pherekgong 2016 .
3. ^ "Ntlha ya Masetla-pelo | Di-blog ka Moka | Di-blog | Kasparov.Ru" . Kasparov.ru e le . E hweditšwe ka la 3 Phupu 2018 .
4. ^ "Palo ya Batho ya Russia ya Crimea: Dipoelo tša Botšhaba | eurasiansstudies" . E bolokilwe go tšwa go ya mathomo ka la 27 Moranang 2015 . E hweditšwe ka la 20 Moranang 2015 .
5. ^ E kgobokeditšwe go tšwa go bangwadi ba mathomo (1779). "Histori ya Bosporus" . Histori ya Lefase ka Bophara,go tloga go Dipego tša Pele go fihla Nakong ya Bjale . maq.127-129.
6. ^ William Smith, Pukuntšu ya Thutafase ya Segerika le ya Roma (1854), sv Taurica Chersonesus . vol. ii, letl. 1109 e le .
7. ^ Abū al-Fidā, Mukhtaṣar tāʾrīkh al-bashar ("Histori e Khutšoanyane ea Batho" ), 1315–1329; Phetolelo ya Seisemane ya chronicle ya nako e tee le Abū al-Fidā ka go The Memoirs of a Syrian Prince : Abul̓-Fidā,̕ sultan ya Ḥamāh (672-732/1273-1331) ka Peter M. Holt, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1983, maq –39.
8. ^ Edward Allworth, Ma-Tatar a Crimea: Go Boela Nageng ya Gabo: Dithuto le Ditokomane , Duke University Press, 1998, letl.6
9. ^ W. Radloff , Boiteko bja Pukuntšu ya Dipolelo-polelo tša Seturkey (1888), ii. 745 e le
10. ^Tlolela godimo go ya go:a b c Kropotkin, P e t e r A l l e k e ivi t h ; B e l b y , J o h n T o m a s (1911). "Krimea"  . Ka go Chisholm, Hugh (motlhami). Encyclopædia ya Britannica . Vol. 07 (kgatišo ya bo 11). Bogatišetšo bja Yunibesithi ya Cambridge. 449–450, bona mola wa pele. ...Tauris ya bogologolo goba Tauric Chersonese, yeo e bitšwago ke Marussia ka leina la Tatar la Krym goba Crim
11. ^ Alexander MacBean o ile a . Samuel Johnson (1773) o ile a hlokomela. Pukuntšu ya Thutafase ya Bogologolo: Go Hlaloša Mabitso a Selegae a Histori e Kgethwa, ya Segerika le ya Roma; Go Bontšha Bogolo bja Mebušo, le Maemo a Metse, &c. Le Go Swantšha Ditšhupetšo le Dipolelo tša Maemo ka go Direti tša Segerika le tša Roma. Ka Moka e Hlomilwego ke Balaodi ba Swanetšego, gomme e Hlametšwe go Dirišwa ga Dikolo . G. Robinson o ile a . letl. 185 e le .
12. ^ Asimov, Isaaka (1991) (1991). Tatelano ya ditiragalo ya Lefase ya Asimov . New York: HarperCollins o ile a hlokomela. letl. 50 . ISBN e le 9780062700360 e tla ba le..
13. ^ George Vernadsky, Michael Karpovich,[2]Histori ya Russia , Kgatišo ya Yunibesithi ya Yale, 1952,letl. 53 . Setsopolwa:
    • " Leina Crimea le swanetše go tšwa go lentšu la Seturkey la qirim (ka baka leo e lego krym ya Serussia ), leo le bolelago "fosse" gomme le šupa ka mo go kgethegilego kudu go Perekop Isthmus , lentšu la kgale la Serussia la perekop e lego phetolelo e nepagetšego ya qirim ya Seturkey ."
14. ^ Modu wa Proto-Turkey o tsopolwa bjalo ka * kōrɨ- "go terata, go šireletša"Starling (go tsopola E. V. Sevortyan et al., An Etymological Dictionary of the Turkic languages] (1974–2000) 6, 76–78).
15. ^ Edward Allworth,[3]Ma-Tatar a Crimea: Go Boela Nageng ya Gabo : Dithuto le Ditokomane , Duke University Press, 1998, pp. 5–7
16. ^ A. D. (Alfred Denis) G o d l e y . Herodotus o ile a . Cambridge. Bogatišetšo bja Yunibesithi ya Harvard. vol. 2, 1921, letl. 221 e le .
17. ^ BonaJohn Richard Krueger , setsebi sa dithuto tša Sechuvash, Yakut, le maleme a Mongolia go Edward Allworth,[4]The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland : Studies and Documents , Duke University Press, 1998, letl. 24. .
18. ^ Bajuda kua Byzantium: Dialectics ya Ditšo tša Batho ba Banyenyane le ba Bagolo , BRILL, 2011, p.753, n. 102 .
19. ^ Kori ya Mongolian − e hlaloswa bjalo ka kadimo go tšwa go Seturkey ke Doerfer Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen 3 (1967), 450 le ka Shcherbak, Ditlemo tša mathomo tša polelo ya Seturkey le Mongolian (lekgolo la bo-8-14 la nywaga) (1997) letl. 141 e le .
20. ^ Maiolino Bisaccioni, Giacomo Pecini, Historia ea dintwa tsa ciuili tsa dinako tse tsa vltimi, ke gore, tsa Engelane, Catalonia, Portugal, Palermo, Naples, Fermo, Moldauia, Poland, Suizzeri, Fora, Turkey . bakeng sa Francesco Storti o ile a hlokomela. Seboeng, ka tlase ga lethudi la 'Berettari, 1655,letl. 349 : "polokego ya Crimea e be e ithekgile ka mahlatse a ma-Cossack". Nicolò Beregani, Historia ya dintwa tša Yuropa , Bolumo 2 (1683),letl. 251 .
21. ^ "Dipampiri tša Mmušo". Retšistara ya Ngwaga le Ngwaga goba Pono ya Histori, Dipolitiki le Dingwalo tša Ngwaga wa 1783 . J. D o d s l e y . 1785. letl. 364. ISBN e le 9781615403851 e tla ba le.
22. ^ Edward Gibbon ,[5]Histori ea go fokotsega le go wa ga Mmušo wa Roma , Bolumo 1,306f. "pheninsula ya Crim Tartary, yeo e tsebjago ke batho ba bogologolo ka fase ga leina la Chersonesus Taurica"; ibid. Bolumo 10 (1788), letl. 211: "Mmadi wa sebjalebjale ga se a swanela go gakantšha Cherson ye ya kgale ya pheninsula ya Tauric goba Crimean lemotse wo mofsa wa leina le le swanago". Bona gape John Millhouse, Seisemane-Setaliana (1859),letl. 597 e le
23. ^ Edith Hall, Diphihlelo le Iphigenia ka Tauris (2013),letl. 176 : "e bile ka nnete ka nako ye nngwe magareng ga bo-1730 le bo-1770 moo toro ya go bopa gape 'Taurida' ya bogologolo ka borwa bja Crimea e ilego ya emololwa.Leano la Catherine e be e le go hlola 'serapa' sa mmušo wa paradeise moo, le mopišopomogolo wa gagwe wa Mogerika."Eugenios Voulgaris o ile a gapeletša ka go hlama etymology e mpsha bakeng sa leina la kgale la Tauris, a e hwetša go taphros , yeo (a bego a bolela gore) e be e le Segerika sa bogologolo bakeng sa mokero wo o epilwego ke diatla tša batho."
24. ^ John Julius Norwich (2013). Histori e Khutšoanyane ya Byzantium . Dipuku tša Penguin, tše di Lekanyeditšwego. letl. 210. ISBN e le 978-0-241-95305-1. Ke nyaka go nyoba nnywana ya mosadi.
25. ^ Slater, E r c e . “Caffa: Katološo ya Pele ya Bodikela Lefaseng la Mafelelong a Mehla ya Magareng, 1261–1475.” Tlhahlobo (Setsi sa Fernand Braudel) 29, no. 3 ( 2 0 0 6 ): 271-83. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40241665. Ke nyaka go nyoba nnywana ya mosadi. maq.271
26. ↑ Brian Glyn W i l l i a m s (2013). "Bahlasedi ba Sultan: Karolo ya Sešole ya Ma-Tatar a Crimea Mmušong wa Ottoman" (PDF) . Motheo wa Jamestown . letl. 27. E bolokilwe go tšwa go ya mathomo (PDF) ka la 21 Diphalane 2013 . E hweditšwe ka la 30 Mopitlo 2015 .
27. ^ M. S. Anderson (Dibatsela 1958). "Mebušo e Megolo le go Kopanywa ga Crimea ka Russia, 1783-4". Tlhahlobo ya Seslavonic le Yuropa Bohlabela . 37 (88): 17-41. JSTOR 4205010 e le . yeo ka morago e bego e tla bona mollwane wa Russia o katološetšwa ka bodikela go ya Dniester .
28. ^ "Ntwa ya Crimea (1853–1856)" . Gale Encyclopedia ya Histori ya Lefase: Ntwa . 2 . 2008. E bolokilwe go tšwa go ya mathomo ka la 16 Moranang 2015.
29. ^ "Histori" . blacksea-crimea.com ya go ngwalwa ka tsela e itšego . E bolokilwe go tšwa go ya mathomo ka la 4 Moranang 2007 . E hweditšwe ka la 28 Mopitlo 2007 .
30. ^ Tšhomišo ya Togamaano ya Direferentamo: Matla, Go ba Molaong, le Temokrasi Ka Mark Clarence Walke (letl. 107) .
31. ^ Boitsebišo bja Setšhaba le Morafe kua Russia le Dinaga tše Mpsha tša Eurasia tšeo di rulagantšwego ke Roman Szporluk (letl. 174) .
32. ^ Pawulo Kolstoe; Andrei Edemsky (Pherekgong 1995). "Leihlo la Sefefo: Belarus le Ukraine" . Marussia a Dirapabliking tša Peleng ya Soviet . C. Hurst & Co. Bagatiši ba ditaba. letl. 194. ISBN e le 978-1-85065-206-9, e le hantle.
33. ^ "Russia e bea sešole tlhokomelong e kgolo ge boipelaetšo bja Crimea bo tlogela monna o tee a hwile" . Mohlokomedi wa ditaba . 26 Hlakola 2014 . E hweditšwe ka la 27 Hlakola 2014 .
34. ^ Andrew Higgins o ile a re; Steven Erlanger (27 Hlakola 2014). "Bahlabani ba Dithunya ba Thopa Meago ya Mmušo kua Crimea" . Ditaba tša New York Times . E hweditšwe ka la 25 Mosegamanye 2022 .
35. ^ Tlhaelelo ya Crimea – Pono ya Molao wa Boditšhabatšhaba Marxsen, Christian (2014). Setheo sa Max-Planck. |access-date=25 Mosegamanye 2022
36. ^ "Seboka sa Maloko a Palamente sa UN se amogela sephetho seo se tiišetšago botshepegi bja naga ya Ukraine" . Thelebišene ya Bogare ya China . 28 Hlakubele 2014. E bolokilwe go tšwa go ya mathomo ka la 4 Mopitlo 2018 . E hweditšwe ka la 25 Mosegamanye 2022 .
37. ^ Dithabatša Crimea di ka bitšwa gape e le Dithaba tša Yaylâ Dağ goba tša Alpine Meadow.
38. ^ "Di-canyon tše tharo di sepela ka maoto (Chernorechensky Canyon, Uzunja Canyon le Grand Crimean Canyon). Leeto ka karolo ya dithaba ya Crimea" . nako e feteletseng.ru . E hweditšwe ka la 1 Motsheganong 2016 .
39. ^ Jaoshvili, S h l v a (2002). Dinoka tša Lewatle le Letšo (PDF) . Copenhagen: Setheo sa Tikologo sa Yuropa. letl. 15. OCLC 891861999 e le . E bolokilwe (PDF) go tšwa go ya mathomo ka la 10 Mopitlo 2016.  
40. ^ "Derekoika, noka" [Noka ya Derekoika]. Tlhahlo ya go khutša kua Yalta .
41. ^ Jaoshvili 2002 , letl. 34.phošo ya harvnb: ga go na sepheo: CITEREFJaoshvili2002 ( thušo ) .
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54. ^ "Ntšhwafatšo ya Russia-Ukraine: Crimea e Gogela Baeti ba go Feta Dimilione tše 4 Go sa šetšwe go Tšwafatšwa" . Dinako tša Kgwebo ya Boditšhabatšhaba . 14 Diphalane 2015 . E hweditšwe ka la 1 Motsheganong 2016 .
55. ^ "Crimea ke eng, gomme ke ka lebaka la eng e le bohlokwa?" . Thelekramo ya Letšatši le Letšatši . 2 April 2014. E bolokilwe go tšwa go ya mathomo ka la 10 Pherekgong 2022 . E hweditšwe ka la 10 Moranang 2014 .
56. ^ "Tlhaloso ya Crimea 'Go thuba ka Tekanyo ya Boditšhabatšhaba'."" . Ditaba tša CBN . Ditaba tša CBN. 19 Mopitlo 2014 . E hweditšwe ka la 19 Mopitlo 2014 .
57. ^ " Lewatle le Letšo le lemogwa bjalo ka le lengwe la mafelo ao a sa amogelegego kudu go basesiši ba dikepe". Mokgatlo wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Bašomi ba Dinamelwa . Ditaba tša Lewatle le Letšo. La 27 Motsheganong 2013 . E hweditšwe ka la 20 Lewedi 2013 .
58. ^ "Palomoka ya Tšweletšo ya Selete::Mordoviastat" . mrd.gks.ru _ . E bolokilwe go tšwa go ya mathomo ka February 17, 2018 . E hweditšwe ka la 19 Hlakola 2018 .
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60. ^ Diphetho tša sehla sa 2013 kua Crimea: baeng ba be ba tšhogile go tloga ke tirelo le go fodiša mo go sa tlwaelegago. Segodnya.ua (ka Serussia) . E hweditšwe ka la 10 Mosegamanye 2017 .
61. ^ "Tshedimošo ya morago ka palo ya baeti bao ba etetšego Repabliki ya Crimea ka 2014" (PDF) . Lefapha la Mafelo a Boikhutšo le Boeti la Repabliki ya Crimea . E hweditšwe ka la 10 Mosegamanye 2017 .
62. ^ "Tshedimošo ya morago ka palo ya baeti bao ba etetšego Repabliki ya Crimea ka 2016" (PDF) . Lefapha la Mafelo a Boikhutšo le Boeti la Repabliki ya Crimea . E hweditšwe ka la 10 Mosegamanye 2017 .
63. ^Tlolela godimo go ya go:a b c "Repabliki ye e Ikemetšego ya Crimea – Karata ya tshedimošo". Kabinete ya Ditona tša Ukraine . E bolokilwe go tšwa goya mathomoka la 21 Pherekgong 2007. E hweditšwe ka la 22 Hlakola 2007.
64. ^ Bašomi ba Reuters (19 Hlakubele 2014). "Russia go akaretša tlhaelelo ya tekanyetšo ya Crimea ya diranta tše dimilione tše dikete tše 1,5 ka ditšhelete tša mmušo- TV" . Reuters ya go . E hweditšwe ka la 17 Phupu 2018 .
65. ^ D a n e , K e n t M.; K o p e r , M o n i c a L.; Triapitsyn, S e r g e i V.; W a l t o n , V a g h n M.; Yokota, G l e n n Y.; Haviland, Dafida R., le ba bangwe; B e n t l e y , W a l t J.; G o d f r e y , K e r S E.; W underlich , L i n n R. (2008). "Balaodi ba dirapa tša merara le banyakišiši ba nyaka ditharollo tša go ya go ile tša mealybugs, e lego selo se se raraganego sa disenyi seo se fetogago" . Temo ya California . UC Temo le Methopo ya Tlhago (UC ANR) . 62 (4): 167-176. doi : 10,3733 / ca.v062n04p167 . ISSN 0008-0845 e le . S2CID 54928048 e le .  
66. ^Tlolela godimo go ya go:a b c C t h l e y , B r i a n R. (1998). "Tlhahlobo ya dingwalo ya disenyi tša sunnEurygaster integricepsPut. (Hemiptera, Scutelleridae)". Tšhireletšo ya Dibjalo . Mokgatlo wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Mahlale a Tšhireletšo ya Dimela(Elsevier). 17(4): 271 – 287. Di . doi:10.1016/s0261-2194(98)00022-2. ISSN0261-2194e le . S2CID83631999e le .  
67. ^ "Disenyi - Eurygaster mauraLinnaeus - Disenyi tša Sunn" . AgroAtlas ya Temo . 7 Motsheganong 2015 . E hweditšwe ka la 15 Moranang 2021 .
68. ^ K austov A. A. (2000). "Ditšhošane tša mohuta wa Elattoma(Acariformes, Pygmephoridae) go tšwa Crimea le Leboa-Bodikela bja Russia" . Vestnik Diphoofolo tša go hlokomela . 34 (1/2): 77-83.
69. ^ H o fste t e r , R W ; Moser, JC (7 Pherekgong 2014). "Karolo ya Ditšhošane ka go Mekgatlo ya Dikhunkhwane-Difankase". Tlhahlobo ya Ngwaga le Ngwaga ya Thuto ya Diphelakadingwe . Ditshekatsheko tša Ngwaga le Ngwaga . 59 (1): 537-557, NW. doi : 10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162039 . ISSN 0066-4170 e le . PMID 24188072 e le .  
70. ^ Gloystein, Henning (7 Mopitlo 2014). "Maikemišetšo a kgase a Ukraine a Lewatle le Letšo a bonwa a le kotsing ka Crimea" . Reuters ya go . E hweditšwe ka la 7 Mopitlo 2014 .
71. ^ "Tshekatsheko ya Gase ya Yuropa Bohlabela – Diphaephe tša Gase tša Ukraine" . Eegas.com. 9 Hlakola 2013 . E hweditšwe ka la 8 Mopitlo 2014 .
72. ^ "Mathata a Ukraine mebapeng" . BBC. 3 Motsheganong 2014 . E hweditšwe ka la 7 Mopitlo 2014 .
73. ^ "Kgoro ya dipeeletšo ya Repabliki ye e Ikemetšego ya Crimea – dipeeletšo ka Crimea – "Chernomorneftegaz" e tšweleditše lenaneo la tlhabollo go fihla ka 2015" . Tsenya-bosenyi.gov.ua. E bolokilwe go tšwa go ya mathomo ka la 26 Mopitlo 2014 . E hweditšwe ka la 8 Mopitlo 2014 .
74. ^ Tlhagišo ya mohlagase ka Crimea e oketšegile go fihla go 963 MW(ka Serussia). 21 Pherekgong 2016. E bolokilwe go tšwa go ya mathomo ka la 14 Lewedi 2016 . E hweditšwe ka la 11 Phato 2016 .
75. ^ "Crimea e fifala ka morago ga gore go tswalelwa ga Russia go tloge pheninsula e se na maatla" . Motho wa ka Gare wa Kgwebo . 28 Phupu 2017 . E hweditšwe ka la 28 Phupu 2017 .
76. ^ "Putin o laela go itšhidulla ga sešole ge baipelaetši ba thulana kua Crimea" . Reuters ya go . 18 Moranang 2016 . E hweditšwe ka la 24 Moranang 2016 .
77. ^ "Dietrich o tsebišitše ka go tsebagatšwa ga ditimela tša go rwala merwalo leporogong la Crimea go tloga ka la 1 Phupu 2020" . Interfax-Russia.ru (ka Serussia). Dibatsela 23, 2019 . E hweditšwe ka la 2 Dibatsela 2019 .
78. ^ "Mothaladi o motelele kudu wa trolleybus lefaseng!" . blacksea-crimea.com ya go ngwalwa ka tsela e itšego . E bolokilwe go tšwa go ya mathomo ka la 3 Pherekgong 2014 . E hweditšwe ka la 15 Pherekgong 2007 .
79. ^ "Crimea e bula boema-fofane bjo bogolo le bjo bobotse kudu ka borwa bja Russia" . 17 Moranang 2018 . E hweditšwe ka la 17 Moranang 2018 .
80. ^ "Boema-fofane bjo bofsa bja boema-fofane bja Simferopol bo butšwe kua Crimea" . ruaviation.com. 22 Moranang 2018 . E hweditšwe ka la 22 Moranang 2018 .
81. ^ "Histori ya Arteca"." [Histori ya Artek]. Артек . 2010. E bolokilwe go tšwa go ya mathomo ka la 24 Hlakubele 2015."(Se se na le URL ya go nanya go laetša.)
82. ^Tlolela godimo go ya go:a b Senthara ya Bana ya BoditšhabatšhabaArtek,Ditoropo le dilete tša Ukraine, 7 June 2014, e bolokilwe go tšwa goya mathomoka la 7 Mosegamanye 2014
83. ^ "Артек" [Tsenyo ka Artek], Saeklopedia e Kgolo ya Soviet , 3rd ed. , e hweditšwe ka la 22 Mosegamanye 2020
84. ^ Mokgatlo wa Bosetšhaba wa Thutafase (Dibatsela 2012). "Maeto a Mabotse a 2013, Crimea" . National Geographic ya Setšhaba . E hweditšwe ka la 29 Mopitlo 2015 .
85. ^ "Australia e bea dikiletšo go Marussia ka morago ga go thopa Crimea go tšwa Ukraine" . Koporasi ya Kgašo ya Australia. 19 Hlakubele 2014 . E hweditšwe ka la 29 Mopitlo 2015 .
86. ^ "Japan e bea dikiletšo kgahlanong le Russia ka lebaka la tokologo ya Crimea" . Mokero wa Ditaba wa Fox. 18 Mopitlo 2014 . E hweditšwe ka la 29 Mopitlo 2015 .
87. ^ "Dikiletšo tša EU di tlaleletša go opša ke hlogo ya Putin ya Crimea" . EUobserver ya go hlokomela . E hweditšwe ka la 28 Mopitlo 2015 .
88. ^ "Melawana ya Megato ye e Kgethegilego ya Ekonomi (Ukraine)" . Webosaete ya Melao ya Toka ya Canada. 17 Mopitlo 2014 . E hweditšwe ka la 30 Mopitlo 2015 .
89. ^ "Australia le dikiletšo – Lenaneo le le Kopantšwego – Kgoro ya Merero ya Dinaga tša ka Ntle le Kgwebišano" . Dfat.gov.au. 25 Mopitlo 2015 . E hweditšwe ka la 29 Mopitlo 2015 .
90. ^ "Kgoeletšo ya Moemedi yo Mogolo legatong la European Union ka ga go sepelelana ga dinaga tše itšego tša boraro le Sephetho sa Khansele sa 2014/145/CFSPmabapi le magato a thibelo mabapi le ditiro tšeo di nyenyefatšago goba tšeo di tšhošetšago botshepegi bja naga, boipušo le tokologo ya Ukraine" (PDF ) . Kopano ya Yuropa. 11 Moranang 2014 . E hweditšwe ka la 29 Mopitlo 2015 .
91. ^ "Crimea e hlasetšwe ke dikiletšo tše dintši ge dikgokagano tša mohlagase, dinamelwa le tša panka di kgaolwa" . Poso ya Kyiv . E hweditšwe ka la 28 Mopitlo 2015 .
92. ^ "Visa le MasterCard di tlogile Crimea ka lebaka la dikiletšo tša Amerika" . Ditaba tša Euro . E hweditšwe ka la 28 Mopitlo 2015 .
93. ^ "Dikiletšo di feta borata-naga bakeng sa dipanka tša Russia kua Crimea" . Reuters ya go . 9 Moranang 2014 . E hweditšwe ka la 1 Phato 2019 .
94. ^ "Kyiv e ikana go bušetša pušo ya Ukraine godimo ga Crimea go hloma gape 'molao le thulaganyo ya lefase'."" . DITABA TSA ABC. 23 Phato 2022.
95. ^ Harding, Luka (17 Phato 2022). "Ma-Russia a lemoga gore Crimea 'ga se lefelo la bona', go bolela Zelenskiy" . Mohlokomedi wa Ditaba & Methopo ya Ditaba e Lekanyeditsweng.
96. ^ "Crimea – Go boa ga Russia" . Dinako tša Ditšhelete . 31 Mopitlo 2014 . E hweditšwe ka la 4 Ngwatobošego 2014 .
97. ^ Dikgatišo, Europa (20 Hlakola 2015). Dilete tša Russian Federation 2015 . letl. 311. ISBN e le 9781317445135 e tla ba le. E hweditšwe ka la 1 Phato 2017 .
98. ^ "Dikgetho tša Duma ya Mmušo" . ria.ru. _ . 2016 e le . E hweditšwe ka la 23 Mopitlo 2021 .
99. ^ "Putin o thopa dikgetho ka 77% ya dikgetho ka 67.5% ya go kgetha" . 19 Hlakubele 2018 . E hweditšwe ka la 30 Mopitlo 2018 .
100. ^ O'Loughlin, Johane, le ba bangwe; Toal, G e r e r d e r; Bakke, Kristin M. (3 Moranang 2020). "Go ya Russia ka Lerato: Bontši bja Ma-Crimea bo sa Thabile ka go Kopanywa ga Bona" . Merero ya Dinaga tša ka Ntle . ISSN 0015-7120 e le . E hweditšwe ka la 27 Pherekgong 2022 . 
101. ^ "Dipoelo tša Palo ya Batho: Baagi ba Crimea ke Batho ba Dimilione tše 2.284 - Setheo sa tshedimošo "Krym Media"." . E bolokilwe go tšwa go ya mathomo ka la 4 Ngwatobošego 2015 . E hweditšwe ka la 13 Hlakola 2016 .
102. ^ "Dilete tša Ukraine / Repabliki ye e Ikemetšego ya Crimea" . Palo ya Batho ya Ukraine ya 2001 . E hweditšwe ka la 16 Dibatsela 2006 .
103. ^ "Palo ya batho e fetišetšwa go 2016" . Dzerkalo Tzhnia (ka Seukraine). 20 Lewedi 2013 . E hweditšwe ka la 7 Mopitlo 2014 .
104. ^ "Dipoelo / Dipoelo tša kakaretšo tša palo ya batho / Sebopego sa maleme sa badudi / Repabliki ye e Ikemetšego ya Crimea" . Palo ya Batho ya Ukraine ya 2001 .
105. ^ "Polelo ya Setatar ya Crimea e kotsing" . avrupatimes.com. 19 Hlakola 2013 . E hweditšwe ka la 31 Mopitlo 2015 .
106. ^ "Tatar ya Crimea" . Motho wa semorafe . 2009. E bolokilwe go tšwa go ya mathomo ka la 5 Mopitlo 2016 . E hweditšwe ka la 31 Mopitlo 2015 .
107. ^Tlolela godimo go ya go:a b c d e f O 'Neill , K e l l e Ann (2017). Claiming Crimea : histori ya mmušo wa ka borwa wa Catherine yo Mogolo . New Haven. letl. 30.ISBN 978-0-300-23150-2. Ke nyaka go nyoba nnywana ya mosadi. OCLC  1007823334 e le .
108. ^ Dipalo tše ga di akaretše dipalo tša badudi ba Berdyansky, Dneprovsky le Melitopolsky Uyezds, tšeo di bego di le nagengkgolo. Bonadikarolwana tsa tsamaiso tsa Taurida Governorate
109. ^ "Palo ya Pele ya Kakaretšo ya Mmušo wa Russia ya 1897 – Taurida Governorate" . demoscope.ru . Демоскоп e le . E hweditšwe ka la 18 Mosegamanye 2014 .

	Taurida E Buša	Setereke sa Berdyansk	Setereke sa Dneiper	Setereke sa Melitopol	Crimea e ile ya
Marussia a	ba le 404 463	ba le 55 303	ba le 42 180	ba le 126 017	ba le 180 963
Ma-Ukraine	ba le 611 121	ba le 179 177	ba le 156 151	ba le 211 090	ba le 64 703
Ma-Tatar	ba le 196 854	770 e le	506 e le	ba le 1 284	ba le 194 294
Ma-Belarus	ba le 9 726	ba le 1 323	ba le 3 005	ba le 3 340	2 058 e le
Ma-Armenia	ba le 8 938	201 e le	47.	373 e le	ba le 8 317
Bajuda	ba le 55 418	ba le 8 889	ba le 6 298	ba le 16 063	ba le 24 168
Nngwe	ba le 161 270	59 055 e le	ba le 4 054	26 072 e le	ba le 72 089
Palomoka ya Baagi	1 447 790 e le e 1	ba le 304 718	ba le 212 241	ba le 384 239	ba le 546 592

1. ^ "Demoscope Beke le Beke - Tlaleletšo. Puku ya Ditšhupetšo tša Dipalopalo" . demoscope.ru _ .
2. ^ "Demoscope Beke le Beke - Tlaleletšo. Puku ya Ditšhupetšo tša Dipalopalo" . demoscope.ru _ .
3. ^ "Demoscope Beke le Beke - Tlaleletšo. Puku ya Ditšhupetšo tša Dipalopalo" . demoscope.ru _ .
4. ^ Crimea – Diphetogo, ditlhohlo le ditebelelo / e rulagantšwe ke Maria Drohobycky. Letlakala la 73
5. ^ Crimea – Diphetogo, ditlhohlo le ditebelelo / e rulagantšwe ke Maria Drohobycky. Letlakala la 72
6. ^Tlolela godimo go ya go:a b se se kopanya dipalopalo tša Repabliki ye e Ikemetšego ya Crimea le Sevastopol, go lokeletša dihlopha tša batho ba go feta 5 000. "Mabapi le palo le sebopeho baahi ba Rephabliki e Ikemetseng ea Crimea ka ya data All-Ukrainian palo ea baahi". Palo ya Batho ya Ukraine ya 2001 . E hweditšwe ka la 26 Diphalane 2015.; "Sevastopol" e le . Palo ya Batho ya Ukraine ya 2001 . E hweditšwe ka la 26 Diphalane 2015 .; "Mabapi le palo le sebopeho baahi ba Ukraine ka ya data All-Ukrainian Baahi Palo 2001" . Palo ya Batho ya Ukraine ya 2001 . E hweditšwe ka la 26 Diphalane 2015 .
7. ^ Ditafola tše di nago le dipoelo tša tlhokomelo ya Dipalopalo tša Federal "Palo ya Batho Seleteng sa Federal sa Crimea"4.1 Sebopego sa Bosetšhaba sa Baagi [4.1. Sebopego sa bosetšhaba sa palo ya badudi].
8. ^Tlolela godimo go ya go:a b "Mabapi le palo le sebopeho baahi ba Rephabliki e Ikemetseng ea Crimea ka ya data All-Ukrainian palo ea baahi". Palo ya Batho ya Ukraine ya 2001 . E hweditšwe ka la 24 Mopitlo 2014.
9. ^ P o h l , J. O t o . Tshepedišo ya Kotlo ya Stalin: Histori ya Dipalo-palo ya Kgateletšo le Botšhošetši bja Soviet . Mc Farland & Khamphani, Inc, Bagatiši. 1997."23" . E bolokilwe go tšwa go ya mathomo ka la 4 Mosegamanye 2000.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: maemo a URL a pele ga a tsebje ( kgokagano ) .
10. ^ "Go Rakwa le Tshenyo ya Batho ba Banyenyane ba Jeremane ka USSR " (PDF) .
11. ^ "Ka Majeremane ao a Dulago Nageng ya SSR ya Ukraine " .
12. ^ "Lenaneo la go Swarwa la NKVD le bolokilwe ka la 16 Dibatsela 2011 moMotšheneng wa Wayback " (PDF)
13. ^ "[7]Batho ba ba sepelago: Majeremane kua Russia le ka Soviet Union ya Peleng: 1763 – 1997 . Makgobapuku a Yunibesithi ya Mmušo ya North Dakota."
14. ^ "Tlaišo ya Bagerika ba Pontic ka Soviet Union " (PDF) .
15. ^Tlolela godimo go ya go:a b "Dinyakišišo tša Maikutlo a Setšhaba Badudi ba Repabliki ye e Ikemetšego ya Crimea"(PDF). , Sampole e be e e-na le badudi ba sa ruri ba 1 200 ba Crimea bao ba nago le nywaga ya go feta e 18 gomme ba swanelega go bouta gomme e emela baagi ka kakaretšo ka nywaga, bong, thuto le bodumedi.
16. ^ Russia e nyaka go pšhatlaganya Kereke ya Orthodox ya Ukraine kua Crimea ka go thuša go ganetša Russification ,Setheo sa Tshedimošo se se Ikemetšego sa Ukraine (11 Diphalane 2018)
17. ^ (ka Serussia) Boemo ba diocese ka Crimea bo ile ba lula bo sa fetohe, Kereke ea Orthodox ea Ukraine ea Moscow Patriarchate e itše NEWSru , 10 March 2015.(ka Serussia) Kereke ea Ukraine ea Patriarchate ea Moscow e ile ea batla ho khutlela Crimea ,Sehlopha sa RBK (18 Phato 2014)
18. ^ Rogachevsky, A k l e n d e r . "Ivan Aivazovsky (1817-1900)" . Yunibesithi ya Tufts . E bolokilwe go tšwa go ya mathomo ka la 19 Mopitlo 2014 . E hweditšwe ka la 10 Dibatsela 2013 .
19. ^ Stephens, Heidi (15 Motsheganong 2016). "Eurovision 2016: Ukraine o Jamala hlola le lipolotiki qosoa 1944" . Mohlokomedi wa ditaba . E hweditšwe ka la 18 Motsheganong 2016 .
20. ^ "Liki yeo e thekgwago ke UEFA e thoma go bapala kua Crimea" . Yahoo Dipapadi . 23 Phato 2015 . E hweditšwe ka la 13 Hlakola 2016 .
21. ^ "Tona ya Dipapadi ya Ukraine e kgothaletša Difedereišene gore di se ke tša dumelela baatlelete go fetogela Russia ntle le go hlankela nako ya go swanelega" . 8 Dibatsela 2015 . E hweditšwe ka la 2 Motsheganong 2016 .
22. ^ Ma-Russia a 14 a ile a leka go tšea karolo Dipapading tša Bompopi tša Lefase tša IAAF ,setheo sa ditaba sa TASS (5 Phupu 2017)

Dikgokagano tša ka ntle [ edita mohlodi ] .

Crimea e ile yaka diprotšeke tša kgaetšedi tša Wikipedia* Seswantšho:27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.pngImage79.pngDitlhaloso go tšwa go Wiktionary

• Seswantšho:Commons-logo.svg.pngImage80.pngBoraditaba go tšwa go Commons
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• Kropotkin, P e t e r A l e l e k e ivi t h ; B e l b y , J o h n T o m a s (1911). "Krimea"  . Ka go Chisholm, Hugh (motlhami). Encyclopædia ya Britannica . Vol. 7 (kgatišo ya bo-11). Bogatišetšo bja Yunibesithi ya Cambridge. maq.449-450.
• Mananeo a metsana ya Crimean Tartar a ile a tšhologa ka go rakwa ga May 1944, gomme bontši bja ona a reelwa leina le lefsa ka Serussia

bontšha* v t e  Dihlogo tša Crimea
* Boemo bja dipolitiki Sevastopol e ile ya re Repabliki ya Crimea Repabliki e Ikemetšego ya Crimea
Histori	* Mmušo wa Bospora Roman Crimea (Cherson (theme)) Kipchaks Genoese Crimea Khazars Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689 Crimean Khanate 1783 annexation by Russia Crimean Goths Crimean War Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Crimea in World War II Crimean Oblast 1944 deportations 1954 transfer to Ukraine Republic of Crimea (until 1995) President of Crimea (historical) 2003 Tuzla Island conflict 2014 Crimean status referendum 2014 annexation by Russia Supreme Council of Crimea (until 2014) (Chairman) Prime Minister of Crimea (until 2014) Council of Ministers (until 2014) Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People	"Satellite image of Crimea"
Geography	* Arabat Spit Arabat Bay Azov Sea Black Sea Caves Marble Vyalova Crimean Mountains Kerch Strait Perekop Isthmus Pontic–Caspian steppe Syvash Subdivisions * Cities Raions Urban-type settlements
Politics	* Republic of Crimea/Autonomous Republic of Crimea Constitution Head State Council 2014 parliamentary election Sevastopol Legislative Assembly Governor 2017 election Black Sea Fleet Crimean Federal District
Economy	* Tourism Crimean Bridge Crimean Trolleybus
Society	Sports * Crimean Premier League Demographics Peoples * Russians Ukrainians Crimean Tatars Armenians Karaites Pontic Greeks Krymchaks Crimea Germans Languages * Crimean Tatar Krymchak Russian Ukrainian Religion * Christianity Roman Catholicism Ukrainian Catholicism Judaism Islam
Seswantšho:Symbol category class.svg.pngImage85.pngCategory

bontšha* v t e Dilete tša mathomo tša lefase le dilete tše dinyenyane

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High-mountain Asia Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Karakoram Kunlun Mountains Qilian Mountains Hengduan Mountains Tarim Basin Qinling Mountains Sichuan Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze Yangtze Delta Yellow River Pearl River Delta Yenisey Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Far East Ring of Fire Asia-Pacific Tropical Asia North(Siberia) * Arctic Arctic Circle Inner Asia Northeast Ural Ural Mountains Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk–Manchurian taiga Beringia Chukchi Peninsula Kamchatka Peninsula Extreme North Tartary Siberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal) Baraba steppe Khatanga Gulf Transbaikal West Amur Basin Yenisey Gulf Yenisey Basin Sikhote-Alin Kolyma Bering Strait Ring of Fire Outer Manchuria Asia-Pacific Southeast(East Indies) * Orient Sundaland Mainland/Indochina Northern Triangle temperate forests Maritime/Malay Archipelago Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago/Nusantara Wallacea Timor Philippine Archipelago Luzon Mindanao Visayas Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Far East Ring of Fire Asia-Pacific Tropical Asia South(IndianSubcontinent) * Orient Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Kangchenjunga Nanda Devi Hindu Kush Bactria Carnatic region Tamilakam Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Guzgan Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Gedrosia Makran Marathwada Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo-Gangetic Plain Eastern Coastal Plains Kalinga Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit-Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley High-mountain Asia Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bengal Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Halar Gulf of Mannar Palk Strait Trans-Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Laccadive Islands Aminidivi Paropamisadae Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldives Alpide belt Asia-Pacific Tropical Asia Tibetan Plateau West(Middle East) * Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Red Sea Hanish Islands Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Elam Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al-Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Al-Yamama Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Al-Sharat Tigris–Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad 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Baltoscandia Jutland Gotland Sápmi Ingria West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Livonia Curonian Spit Nemunas Delta Cap of the North East * Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Wallachia Transylvania Moldavia Bukovina Bessarabia Livonia Ruthenia Carpathian Ruthenia Donbas Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Crimea North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Arctic Arctic Circle Taman Peninsula Southern Russia Kola Peninsula East European Plain Ryn Desert Cap of the North Central * North European Plain Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Rhineland Eastphalia Westphalia Prussia Lusatia Bohemia Moravia Silesia Czech Silesia Pomerania Pomerelia Kashubia Bukovina Istria Transdanubia Polesia Germania Germania Slavica West * Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Doggerland Upper Rhine Plain Upper Rhine Gaul Gascony Normandy Brittany Septimania Batavia Gulf of Lion Iberia Al-Andalus Baetic System Meseta Central Pyrenees Alpide belt South * Italy Po Valley (Padania) Italian Peninsula Tuscan Archipelago Insular Italy Aegadian Islands Occitania Iberia Al-Andalus Baetic System Meseta Central Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Epirus Rumelia Balkans Aegean Sea Aegean Islands Attica Boeotia Opuntian Locris Phocis Megaris Peloponnese Chalkidiki Aetolia Gulf of Chania Istria Mediterranean Alpide belt * Germanic Romance Celtic Slavic countries European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic–Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland show* v t e Regions of North America Upper Northern(i.e. Canada and Alaska (US)) Eastern * Atlantic Canada The Maritimes Central Canada Great Lakes Northern (Canada and Alaska) * North American Arctic Arctic Circle Canadian Arctic Archipelago Alaska Aleutian Arc Aleutian Islands Aleutian Range Alaska Peninsula Bering Strait Gulf of Alaska Greenland Western * Pacific Northwest Cascadia Prairie Pothole Region * Acadia Acadian Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Banks Peninsula (Nunavut) Brodeur Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Canadian Prairies Canadian Shield Cook Peninsula Cypress Hills English Canada French Canada Gaspé Peninsula Georgian Bay Gulf Islands Gulf of Boothia Hudson Bay Interior Alaska–Yukon lowland taiga James Bay Kodiak Island Labrador Peninsula Melville Peninsula Newfoundland Island Palliser's Triangle Peace River Country Quebec City–Windsor Corridor Strait of Georgia The Maritimes Vancouver Island Lower Northern(i.e. United States) Central * Midwest Upper Midwest Old Southwest Tallgrass prairie Eastern * Appalachia East Coast Northeast Atlantic Northeast Mid-Atlantic New England Southeast Thirteen Colonies Northern * East 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Madre de Chiapas Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Sierra Madre del Sur Soconusco Triangle of the Sun Yucatán Peninsula * Gulf of Mexico Sierra Madre Occidental Sierra Madre Oriental Central * Darién Gap Isthmus of Panama Lake Nicaragua Panama Canal Western Caribbean zone West Indies * Caribbean Antilles Greater Antilles Hispaniola Lesser Antilles Leeward Islands Saint Martin Island Virgin Islands Southern Caribbean Leeward Antilles ABC islands Windward Islands Bajo Nuevo Bank San Andrés and Providencia Serranilla Bank Lucayan Archipelago * American Cordillera Anglo Aridoamerica Latin America French Hispanic Latin America and the Caribbean Mesoamerica Middle America Oasisamerica Ring of Fire "map" North America portal show* v t e Regions of Oceania * Australia-New Guinea Near Oceania Pacific Islands Pacific Plate Remote Oceania Zealandia Australasia Australia Australian Capital Territory * Canberra Jervis Bay Territory * Jervis Bay Village Wreck Bay Village New South Wales * Central Coast Central 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Kimberley Mid West Peel Pilbara South West Wheatbelt Australian External Territories * Ashmore and Cartier Islands Coral Sea Islands Norfolk Island Australian Indian Ocean Territories * Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands New Zealand North Island * Northland Auckland Waikato Bay of Plenty Gisborne Hawke's Bay Taranaki Manawatū-Whanganui Wellington South Island * Tasman Nelson Marlborough West Coast Canterbury Otago Southland Stewart Island NZ Outlying Islands * Chatham Islands Kermadec Islands Solander Islands Three Kings Islands NZ Subantarctic Islands * Antipodes Islands Auckland Islands Bounty Islands Campbell Islands Snares Islands Melanesia Island Melanesia * Fiji New Caledonia East Melanesian Islands * Bismarck Archipelago Gazelle Peninsula Santa Cruz Islands Vanuatu Solomon Islands Archipelago * Bougainville Bonis Peninsula Solomon Islands New Guinea * Aru Islands Papua New Guinea * Highlands Region Momase Region Huon Gulf Huon Peninsula Southern Region Western New Guinea * 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Hawaiian Islands Midway Atoll * Asia-Pacific Indo-Australian Plate Indo-Pacific Islands Region Papuan Peninsula Ring of Fire show* v t e Regions of South America East * Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado North * Caribbean South America West Indies Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South * Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula Triple Frontier Río de la Plata Río de la Plata Basin West * Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert * Middle Latin Hispanic Bolivarian American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC show* v t e Earth's polar regions Antarctic * Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic * Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic show* v t e Earth's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean * Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean * Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean * Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean * Arafura Sea Bali Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Java Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seram Sea Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean * Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser-Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Endorheic basins * Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Others * Ocean Sea Superocean * "icon" Oceans portal Seswantšho:Symbol category class.svg.pngImage88.pngCategory show* v t e Hemispheres of Earth * Northern Southern Eastern Western Land Water * Seswantšho:Symbol portal class.svg.pngImage89.pngPortal:Geography Seswantšho:Commons-logo.svg(1).pngImage90.pngCommons:Maps of Earth's hemispheres

Seswantšho:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpgImage91.png World portal

Dikgoro : .

"mmapa" Yuropa"folaga" Ukraine"folaga" Russia"letshwao" Thutafase

bontšha Taolo ya bolaodi "Rulaganya se go Wikidata"
General	* VIAF 1 WorldCat
National libraries	* Germany Czech Republic 2
Other	* Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine MusicBrainz area National Archives (US) İslâm Ansiklopedisi

E hweditšwe go tšwa go " https://ts.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crimea&oldid=1115197925 " .Dihlopha : .* Crimea e ile ya

• Ma-Tatar a Crimea
• Dilete tša thutafase tša Ukraine
• Dipheninsula tša Yuropa
• Dilete tša Russia
• Dinaga le mafelo ao a bolelago Serussia
• Mafelo a Ukraine ao a tšerwego ke Russia
• Di-toponym tša Seturkey

Dihlopha tše di utilwego: .* Dihlogo tšeo di nago le sengwalwa sa leleme la Serussia

• Dihlogo tšeo di nago le sengwalwa sa leleme la Seukraine
• Dihlogo tšeo di nago le mongwalo wa leleme la Setatar la Crimea
• Dihlogo tšeo di nago le Segerika sa Bogologolo (go fihla ka 1453)-sengwalwa sa leleme
• CS1 e diriša mongwalo wa leleme la Serussia (ru) .
• CS1 Mehlodi ya puo ya Serussia (ru) .
• Dihlogo tša Wikipedia mabapi le Encyclopaedia Britannica ya 1911
• Harv le Sfn no-sepheo liphoso
• CS1 Methopo ya leleme la Seukraine (uk) .
• CS1 maint: bot: maemo a URL a mathomo ga a tsebje
• Webarchive thempleite wayback dikgokelo
• Dihlogo tšeo di nago le methopo ya leleme la Serussia (ru) .
• Dihlogo tšeo di nago le tlhaloso e kopana
• Tlhaloso ye kopana e swana le Wikidata
• Wikipedia ka mo go sa felego matlakala a seka-šireleditšwego
• Diriša Seisemane sa Brithania go tloga ka August 2015
• Diriša matšatšikgwedi a dmy go tloga ka Diphalane 2022
• Dihlomathišo go Wikidata
• Dihlogo tšeo di nago le difomete tše dinyenyane tša hAudio
• Matlakala go akaretša le mmiletšo wo o rekhotilwego
• Dihlogo tšeo di nago le sengwalwa sa leleme la Seturkey
• Dihlogo ka moka tšeo di nago le dipolelo tšeo di sa hwetšago mothopo
• Dihlogo tšeo di nago le dipolelo tšeo di sa hwetšago mothopo go tloga ka November 2014
• Dihlogo tšeo di nago le dipolelo tšeo di sa hwetšago mothopo go tšwa go December 2012
• Diathikele tšeo di nago le dipolelo tšeo di ka bago le letšatšikgwedi go tšwa go 2013
• Dihlogo ka moka tšeo di nago le dipolelo tšeo di ka bago le letšatši-kgwedi
• Dihlogo tšeo di nyakago go hlwekišwa go tloga ka March 2014
• Matlakala ka moka ao a nyakago go hlwekišwa
• Dihlogo tšeo di nago le dikarolo tšeo di swanetšego go fetošwa go ba prose go tloga ka Mopitlo 2014
• Dihlogo tšeo di nago le dipolelo tšeo di sa hwetšago mothopo go tloga ka November 2020
• Dihlogo tša Wikipedia tšeo di nyakago tlhathollo go tloga ka Hlakola 2022
• Diathikele tšeo di nago le dipolelo tšeo di ka bago le letšatšikgwedi go tšwa go 2014
• Dihlogo tšeo di nago le dipolelo tšeo di sa hwetšago mothopo go tšwa go Diphalane 2015
• Matlakala a šomišago dikgokagano tša porojeke ya Kgaetšedi ka wikidata ye e utilwego
• Dihlogo tšeo di nago le ditšhupetšo tša VIAF
• Dihlogo tšeo di nago le ditšhupetšo tša WORLDCATID
• Dihlogo tšeo di nago le ditšhupetšo tša GND
• Dihlogo tšeo di nago le ditšhupetšo tša NKC
• Dihlogo tšeo di nago le ditšhupetšo tša IEU
• Dihlogo tšeo di nago le ditšhupetšo tša lefelo la MusicBrainz
• Dihlogo tšeo di nago le ditšhupetšo tša NARA
• Dihlogo tšeo di nago le ditšhupetšo tša TDVİA
• Dihlogo tšeo di nago le ditšhupetšo tše dintši

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Edita dikgokagano* Letlakala le le fetotšwe la mafelelo ka 10 Diphalane 2022, ka 07:51  (UTC) .

• Sengwalwa se hwetšagala ka fase ga Laesense ya Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 ; dipeelano tša tlaleletšo di ka šoma. Ka go diriša lefelo le, o dumelelana le Melawana ya Tšhomišo le Pholisi ya Sephiri . Wikipedia® ke leswao la kgwebo leo le ngwadišitšwego la Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , mokgatlo wo o sa dirego poelo.

• Pholisi ya sephiri
• Mabapi le Wikipedia
• Dikgato tša go itokolla
• Ikgokaganye le Wikipedia
• Pono ya sellathekeng
• Bahlami
• Dipalopalo
• Polelo ya dikhukhi

• "Motheo wa Wikimedia"
• "E matlafaditšwe ke MediaWiki"

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