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The Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of State Capture
Seswantšho:Zondo Commission logo.jpg
Letšatšikgwedi21 Phato 2018 – 1 Pherekgong 2022 (2018-08-21 – 2022-01-01)
LefeloJohannesburg, South Africa
Also known asZondo Commission
TekanyetšoR 1 billion[1]
(equivalent to ~US$ 66 million)
Batšeakarolo
Webosaetewww.sastatecapture.org.za

The Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of State Capture, Corruption and Fraud in the Public Sector including Organs of State, better known as the Zondo Commission or State Capture Commission, is a public inquiry established in January 2018 by former President Jacob Zuma to investigate allegations of state capture, corruption, and fraud in the public sector in South Africa.[2][3] By December 2020, the commission had interviewed 278 witnesses and collected 159,109 pages and one exabyte of data as evidence.[4] After receiving five extensions, the commission is expected to finalise its report by the end of December 2021, with an official deadline of 1 January 2022.[5] The first part of the four-part report was published on 4 January 2022.[6][7] It has cost the state close to R1 billion, far more than any prior South African judicial inquiry.[8]

History

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In 2016, the Public Protector, Thuli Madonsela, launched an investigation into state capture after receiving formal complaints from Stanislaus Muyebe of the Dominican Order of Southern Africa,[9] another member of the public, and leader of the opposition Mmusi Maimane.[10] In November 2017, the publication of the report of her investigation, titled State of Capture, caused a major scandal. The report implicated Zuma and other state officials in improper relationships with the Gupta family, among other improprieties, and recommended that Zuma should appoint a commission of inquiry into state capture.[11][10] Zuma sought to have Madonsela's findings overturned in the High Court, but the court dismissed his application, finding that the Public Protector's recommendation was binding and that Zuma had to appoint a commission of inquiry within 30 days. At the instruction of the court, it was Chief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng who selected the chairperson of the inquiry, Deputy Chief Justice Raymond Zondo.[3] Zondo is assisted by several other full-time officials, including former Auditor-General Terence Nombembe at the head of the investigations team,[12] and Frank Dutton, who served as lead investigator until his death in January 2022.[13]

The commission was established in January 2018 but did not hold its first hearing until August 2018, by which time Zuma had resigned and been replaced by President Cyril Ramaphosa.[11] Following a series of extensions, it concluded its hearings in August 2021 with testimony from Ramaphosa. However, on 29 September, the Pretoria High Court granted the commission another three-month extension, which expired at the end of December 2021.[8] Minister of Justice and Correctional Services Ronald Lamola – whose portfolio is responsible for financing the commission – lodged, and then withdrew, a legal challenge to the application for an extension.[8] The commission delivered the third and final tranche of its findings on March 1, 2022.

Areas of interest

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Terms of reference

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The commission was appointed under terms of reference which were flexible but which singled out for investigation several issues, primarily arising from the State of Capture report and of varying degrees of specificity. Thus the commission was to investigate whether:[14]

  • attempts had been made through inducements to influence members of the national executive or other state functionaries, including whether the Gupta family had offered cabinet positions to politicians Vytjie Mentor and Mcebisi Jonas;
  • the appointment of members of the national executive and office bearers had been disclosed to the Gupta family or other unauthorised persons prior to the appointments being formally made or announced;
  • the national executive or state functionaries had facilitated the unlawful awarding of tenders by state entities to benefit the Gupta family or any other individuals or corporate entities;
  • there had been corruption in the awarding of contracts and tenders by the 21 major state-owned entities listed in Schedule 2 of the Public Finance Management Act;
  • there had been irregularities, undue enrichment, corruption, or undue influence in the awarding of contracts, mining licenses, government advertising in the New Age newspaper, and any other governmental services to the Gupta family;
  • any member of the national executive had improperly intervened in the matter of the closing of banking facilities for Gupta-owned companies;
  • any advisers in the Ministry of Finance had been appointed without proper procedures, including whether Minister Des van Rooyen's two senior advisers had been appointed improperly;
  • there had been corruption in the awarding of contracts and tenders by government, and of what nature and extent; and
  • in particular, whether the national executive or state functionaries had influenced the awarding of tenders to benefit themselves, their families, or entities in which they held a personal interest.

If irregularities were found, the Commission was also to investigate the extent to which the national executive – including Zuma and the deputy ministers – had been responsible for them.[14]

Hearings

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Deputy Chief Justice Raymond Zondo heading the Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of State Capture on 17 May 2019 as it was streamed live on TV.

Most testimony given to the inquiry focused on corruption and maladministration at state institutions during Zuma's administration (2009–2018). Over 300 witnesses[8] testified, with revelations including allegations about:

During hearings on these sagas, the commission has heard extensive testimony about maladministration and/or corruption at state-owned enterprises and state institutions including:

Allegations against Zuma

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Several witnesses – according to the commission, more than 40 by February 2021[38] – personally implicated Zuma in misconduct. For example:

  • Vytjie Mentor testified that in 2010, while Zuma was in a nearby room, the Gupta family had offered to make her Minister of Public Enterprises if she cancelled the South African Airways route to India, to the benefit of Jet Airways and Etihad Airways;[39]
  • Themba Maseko, former head of Government Communications and Information Systems, testified that in 2010 Zuma had asked him to "help" the Gupta family, including by placing government advertisements in the Gupta-owned New Age;[40]
  • Former Minister of Finance Nhlanhla Nene testified that in 2015, Zuma had scolded him for not having finalised a R1.6-trillion nuclear deal with Russia, which Nene thought exorbitantly expensive and which was ultimately approved by cabinet the same night that Nene was fired;[40]
  • Former Minister of Public Enterprises Barbara Hogan testified that Zuma had attempted to interfere in the appointment of chief executives at Transnet and Eskom, attempting to install Siyabonga Gama and Jacob Maroga respectively;[40]
  • Angelo Agrizzi, former Bosasa chief of operations, testified that the Bosasa chief executive Gavin Watson paid monthly R300,000 bribes to Zuma, and that Watson had hoped to lobby Zuma to hire a new director at the National Prosecuting Authority ahead of investigations into Bosasa;[40] and
  • Former ANN7 editor Rajesh Sundaram testified that Zuma – as well as his son Duduzane Zuma, who had a financial interest in the Gupta-owned ANN7 – was closely involved in ANN7 strategy and hoped to set ANN7 apart from eNCA, which he felt portrayed him and the government negatively.[41]

Notable testimony

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Many individuals have been summoned to testify before the Commission,[42] including former president Jacob Zuma and other current and former government ministers and officials, as well as various business executives. Those required to testify include Ben Ngubane, Mosebenzi Zwane, Barbara Hogan, Mcebisi Jonas, Des van Rooyen, Nomvula Mokonyane, Vytjie Mentor, Pravin Gordhan, Sibongile Sambo, Job Mokgoro and Angelo Agrizzi, among many others.

State Security Agency

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Testimony given by multiple members of the South African State Security Agency (SSA) made national headlines for the amount of state funds used irregularly, breadth of controversial clandestine activities, and overt support the agency gave to president Zuma during his presidency. The acting director-general of the SSA, Loyiso Jafta, testified that it was highly a politicised agency following its formation in 2009 and that was used to improperly fund and support a number of African National Congress (ANC) political activities.[37] This confirmed previous testimony given by the Former Chairperson of the High-Level Panel of Review into the SSA, Sydney Mufamadi.[43] Jafter stated that at least R9 billion (roughly equivalent to US$758.7 million) of the SAA's fixed assets were "not to be found and that R125-million could not be accounted for in the 2017/18 financial year."[44] Prior to Jafta's testimony the Minister of State Security Ayanda Dlodlo sought to muzzle Jafta arguing that it would endanger state security.[43]

Testimony given to the commission regarding the improper activities of the SSA state that:

  • The news wire service, African News Agency, was given R20 million in 2015/16 as part of a state campaign to action a "media project aimed at 'countering negative local and international perceptions of the country, Zuma and the SSA'".[45]
  • Then president Jacob Zuma was personally and improperly given millions of Rands in cash from the SSA budget on a monthly basis between 2015 and 2017.[46]
  • SSA resources and intelligence were used to fight political battles within the ANC.[47] This includes fighting against President Ramaphosa's 2017 ANC presidential campaign to replace Zuma.[48]
  • SSA resources were used to enhance the electoral fortunes of the ANC.[49]
  • The SSA was used to spy on and neutralise civil society actives such as the Right2Know campaign, Zuma Must Fall and Fees Must Fall movements.[48][50]
  • SSA resources were used to prevent investigations into state corruption and improper activities within the SSA.[51]

Angelo Agrizzi

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Bosasa COO Angelo Agrizzi made national headlines when he testified to the commission that the company systematically gave substantial bribes to South African government officials to ensure that the company received government contracts and was not investigated.[52][53][54][55] Agrizzi's testimony implicated then President Zuma,[56] notable government minister Nomvula Mokonyane,[57] chairperson of South African Airways Dudu Myeni,[58] and ANC politician Gwede Mantashe.[59]

Nomvula Mokonyane

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Former minister of Water and Sanitation, Nomvula Mokonyane, was implicated in a number of allegations of corruption during the commission.[25][60] This included testimony by Agrizzi that Mokonyane was paid R50,000 (around US$3,500) a month for years to protect Bosasa from law enforcement agencies[60] and that she received numerous 'gifts' from Bosasa such as expensive vehicles.[25] Mokonyane's testimony before the commission was notable for its contradictory statements, the serious nature of the allegations made against her, and the high profile it received in the media.[25]

Dudu Myeni

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Dudu Myeni, a close associate of president Zuma, was implicated illegal activities when she was chairperson of South African Airways.[32] When Myeni appeared before the commission on 5 November 2020 she repeatedly revealed the identity of a secret state witness, in violation of the terms set by the Commission.[61] The witness had received anonymity as the commission had reason to believe that the witness's life would be at risk if their identity was made public. This resulted in Judge Zondo requesting that criminal charges be placed on Myeni.[62][63]

Athol Williams

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Former Bain & Company partner, Athol Williams, testified for two days presenting evidence of the alliance between Bain & Company, Jacob Zuma, Tom Moyane and others to plan the restructuring of numerous state institutions. His testimony provided evidence of the premeditated plans to restructure South African Revenue Service which led to its near collapse.[64][65][26][66] In November 2021, Williams published Deep Collusion: Bain and the capture of South Africa which is based on his testimony.[67]

Jacob Zuma

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Testimony

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From 16 July 2019, Zuma testified before the Zondo Commission about his role in state capture and corruption activities. On the first day of his testimony he claimed that there was a foreign-backed conspiracy against him and that some of those testifying against him were apartheid-era spies.[68][69] Zuma accused the Zondo Commission of being a tool to end his political career.[70] Zuma admitted to having a friendly relationship with the Gupta brothers, but denied engaging in any corrupt activities.[70] Following the first day of Zuma's testimony, the Democratic Alliance accused Zuma of trying to play the victim and misleading the commission.[71]

During Zuma's second day of testimony, he claimed that he was the target of a suicide bombing assassination attempt, the South African Police Service later stated that they were unaware of any such event taking place.[72] Zuma controversially accused senior ANC member Ngoako Ramatlhodi of being a spy involved in a conspiracy against him.[73] During the third day of Zuma's testimony he accused the commission of being biased against him and threatened to withdraw his cooperation.[74] On the fourth day, Zuma's legal team announced that it would be withdrawing from the commission,[75][76] but later the same day announced that he had changed his mind and would return to give additional testimony at a later date.[56]

Contempt of court

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Following Zuma's testimony to the commission, South African media speculated that the chances of Zuma being later charged and convicted for crimes committed during his administration or for giving false testimony to the commission had increased.[77][78] On 11 October 2019, a South African high court denied Zuma a motion to strike down 16 criminal charges of fraud, racketeering and money laundering related to an illegal $2.5bn (£1.98bn) arms deal which allegedly was undertaken in the late 1990s in order to ensure that South Africa's armed forces could buy 30bn rand of European military hardware.[79]

Zuma's legal team attempted to get Judge Zondo to recuse himself from the commission accusing Zondo of bias and having a supposed prior friendship with Zuma.[80] Judge Zondo rejected the recusal request.[80]

A little over 16 months after Zuma first appeared before the commission criminal charges were laid against him for walking out of the commission without permission and refusing to give testimony.[81][82] This was preceded by a long period in which Zuma tried to avoid appearing before the commission through legal moves and arguments in the alleged hope that the commission would conclude before he would have to appear before it.[83][84] This approach was dubbed as Zuma's Stalingrad defence strategy.[83][85][86][84] In December 2020, Judge Zondo ordered Zuma to testify before the commission regarding Zuma's involvement with the Guptas business deals.[87] Judge Zondo's order was taken to the Constitutional Court which ruled that Zuma had to answer questions before the commission and ordered Zuma to pay the commission’s legal costs.[88]

Zuma defied the Constitutional Court and refused to testify to the Zondo Commission on 4 February 2021. The commission, whose mandate ends on 31 March, asked the court for an urgent order directing him to give evidence.[89] A judge later requested that a contempt of court charge be filed against Zuma.[90] On March 25, 2021, the Constitutional Court upheld a previously ruling which found that Zuma's refusal to testify before the Commission classified as contempt of court.[91][92] On 29 June the Constitutional Court handed down a 15 month prison sentence to Zuma.[93] Shortly after Zuma's imprisonment on 7 July large scale unrest and looting broke out[94] in the provinces of KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng, lasting from 9 to 17 July 2021.

Findings

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Initially the findings were to be released in three parts but this number was later increased. Each of the multiple parts of the report's findings were divided into multiple volumes. An extension was requested so that the commission would have additional time to deliver its findings; this pushed the deadline for releasing all of its findings out to 15 June 2022.[95] The commission found that multiple incidents of state capture took place within South African government departments and state-owned enterprises during the presidency of Jacob Zuma as senior officials routinely broke law.[96]

Part 1

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Part 1 was released on Tuesday 4 January 2022.[97][98] It has three volumes with the first volume focused on corruption within the state owned South African Airways, the second on findings relating to the Gupta family, and the third on the South African Revenue Service and recommendations to reform the government procurement system. Some notable finding of part 1 of the Zono Commission found the following:

South African Airways

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Part 1 made the following findings regarding South African Airways (SAA):

  • The appointment Dudu Myeni as chairperson of SAA by then President Zuma had caused “sustainable damage” to the company.[97]
  • Despite public controversy over Myeni's actions as chairperson all attempts to remove her were resisted "at the highest level" of government.[97]
  • Myeni had "a sustained disdain for the authority and processes of the commission”.[97]
  • Resources that Myeni "unlawfully received from [the] State Security Agency"[97] revealed "how close she was to President Zuma".[97]
  • Yakhe Kwinana, during her time as a board member between 2009 and 2016, caused "sustained damage" to the financial position of SAA and seemingly lacked "knowledge and appreciation" of her duties as a chartered accountant.[99]
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers effectively enabled capture of SAA by failing to adequately audit its financial and accounting processes between 2012 and 2016.[98]

The report recommended that:

South African Revenue Service

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Part 1 made the following notable findings regarding the South African Revenue Service (SARS):

  • Moyane and Zuma played a critically important role in "capturing" the SARS and that Moyane was appointed by then President Zuma as SARS commissioner to facilitate this.[101]
  • SARS was targeted as its powers to investigate organised crime was seen as a threat to the state capture project.[101]
  • Zuma, Moyane and Bain & Company worked together to facilitate the take over of SARS.[101]

The report recommended that:

  • All state contracts with Bain & Company be reviewed.[101]
  • Moyane be charged with perjury for lying and providing false information to parliament.[102]

Gupta family

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Part 1 made the following notable findings regarding the Gupta family enterprises and activities:

  • The awarding of government tenders and state owned enterprise advertising contracts to the Gupta owned New Age Newspapers defied both "logic and legal requirements."[96][103]
  • Then Minister for Public Enterprises, Malusi Gigaba, was “prepared to do wrong for the Guptas or Mr Zuma”.[103]

The report recommended that:

  • Brian Molefe and Collin Matjila facilitated Gupta corruption within Transnet and SAA respectively;[104] and that they should face criminal charges.[105]

African National Congress

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Part 1 found that the ANC:

  • Benefited from the extensive corruption of state enterprises, including SARS and SAA. This alleged corruption also benefited Zuma and his political allies.[106]
  • Exhibited an apparent lack of concern regarding the decline of state entities, and an unwillingness or inability to rectify these institutions.[107]

Part 2: Transnet

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Part 2 was published on 1 February 2022 and announced findings on corruption and maladministration within the state-owned companies Denel, Eskom and Transnet. The following notable findings were made:

  • Jacob Zuma sought to have Siyabonga Gama appointed as CEO and thus served as a "willing enabler" of corrupt practices at Transnet.[108]
  • Soon after Gama and Brian Molefe were appointed to executive positions in 2011, the SOE saw the "first significant locomotive transaction tainted by corruption".[109]
  • Three main corrupt deals to procure 1,259 locomotives with China South Rail, China North Rail, General Electric, and Bombardier Transportation.[109]

The report recommended that:

  • Brian Molefe, Anoj Singh and Siyabonga Gama should be prosecuted for facilitating the corrupt procurement of train locomotives.[109]
  • Jacob Zuma should face charges of "corruption and racketeering" stemming from his instrumental role.[108]

Part 3: Bosasa

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Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Part 3 was published on 1 March 2022 and focused on findings relating to corruption relating to the privately owned state contractor BOSASA. Following the release of part 3 the commission's findings were criticized by allies of Jacob Zuma.[110] Part 3 made the following notable findings and recommendations regarding government's interactions with state service provider BOSASA:

  • Senior ANC politician Gwede Mantashe should be probed for corruption for receiving kickbacks from BOSASA.[111]
  • Dudu Myeni received bribes and helped halt a BOSASA corruption probe.[112]

Part 4

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Part 4 of the commission's findings was divided into four volumes and published on the morning of 29 April 2022. The fourth part of the findings focused on the attempted capture of the National Treasury, corruption between the private technology service provider EOH and the City of Johannesburg, corruption within state owned diamond mining company Alexkor, the Free State asbestos removal and public housing project, and the capture of the state electrical utility Eskom. The fourth part of the commissions report made the following notable findings:

  • The R1.2 billion Free State Housing project to construct 200,000 houses was a "dismal failure"[113] due to government mismanagement.[113]
  • The 2015 firing of Nhlanhla Nene as finance minister confirmed that President Jacob Zuma was a puppet of the Gupta brothers[114] and that it was "almost a miracle"[115] that the national Treasury was not captured by Gupta interests.[115]
  • Zuma had been "determined", over several years, to grant control of the National Treasury to the Gupta family.[116]
  • "Certain Gupta-linked individuals or entities were irregularly or corruptly awarded certain contracts at Alexkor"[117]

The report recommends that:

  • Tony (Rajesh) Gupta be prosecuted for corruption.[115]
  • Mosebenzi Zwane, Moses Mpho Mokoena and other individuals involved in the Free State housing project should be investigated and potentially charged with fraud.[118]
  • Former Eskom executives Brian Molefe, Anoj Singh and Matshela Koko be criminally investigated for improperly awarding contracts to McKinsey & Company and Trillian Capital Partners.[119]
  • Alexkor executives be investigated for corrupt links to the Gupta family and their companies.[120]
  • Ramaphosa should "consider" Zizi Kodwa's position as Deputy Minister of State Security due to his links with allegedly corrupt individuals at EOH.[121]

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ Haffajee, Ferial (30 June 2021). "PRICE OF JUSTICE: State Capture Inquiry cost almost R1bn, but it saved billions more – Judge Zondo". Daily Maverick (in English). Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  2. ↑ Parliamentary Monitoring Group (22 June 2018). "Judicial Commission of Inquiry Into Allegations of State Capture (Call for evidence/information)". PMG (in English). Retrieved 8 June 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Statement by President Jacob Zuma on the establishment of the Commission of Inquiry into State of Capture". The Presidency (in English). 9 January 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ↑ Amashabalala, Mawande (21 December 2020). "'He was the president': Zondo says there's no place to hide for Zuma". Sunday Times (in English). Retrieved 22 December 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ↑ Bates, Erin (16 November 2021). "Zondo gets an official D-Day to hand in his report". Business Day (in English). Retrieved 13 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ↑ Mahlati, Zintle (31 December 2021). "Zondo to hand deliver State Capture Inquiry report to Ramaphosa on Tuesday". News24. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  7. ↑ "Judicial Commission of Inquiry into State Capture Report: Part 1" (PDF). 4 January 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Ferreira, Emsie (29 September 2021). "High court grants Zondo commission a three-month extension". The Mail & Guardian (in English). Retrieved 13 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ↑ Collison, Carl (20 October 2016). "Friars fall out over public protector". The Mail & Guardian (in English). Retrieved 13 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Public Protector South Africa (2017). State of Capture (Report No. 6 of 2016/17) (PDF). SAFLII.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Gous, Nico (9 January 2018). "Zuma appoints commission of inquiry into state capture". Sunday Times (in English). Retrieved 13 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ↑ Du Toit, Pieter (20 August 2018). "The state capture inquiry: what you need to know". News24 (in American English). Retrieved 13 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ↑ Maughan, Karyn (20 January 2022). "Blow for Zondo, NPA as lead investigator on state capture matters dies". News24. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Proclamation no. 3 of 2018". Government Gazette No. 41403 (PDF). Pretoria: Government Printing Works. 25 January 2018.
  15. ↑ "State capture: Sweet deal enabled ANN7 to get huge discount on SABC archive footage". TimesLIVE (in English). Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  16. ↑ "Transnet finance boss Anoj Singh 'had no authority' to appoint Gupta-linked firm". TimesLIVE (in English). Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Smit, Sarah (26 February 2019). "Zondo commission: Eskom's Gupta contracts under the spotlight". Mail & Guardian (in English). Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  18. ↑ "Zondo commission hears how Indian airline pushed for Mumbai route". The Citizen. South Africa. 14 November 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  19. ↑ Mahlakoana, Theto. "Mkhwebane announces info to share with Zondo inquiry on Guptas". ewn.co.za (in English). Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  20. ↑ Smit, Sarah (24 July 2019). "Vrede farmers lost trust in Mkhwebane, Zondo commission hears". Mail & Guardian (in English). Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  21. ↑ Davis, Rebecca (25 February 2020). "DAYS OF ZONDO: Yunus Carrim claims MultiChoice cost South Africa dearly — at Koos Bekker's behest". Daily Maverick (in English). Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  22. ↑ Dlulane, Bonga. "Carrim: Koos Bekker tried to pressure me to drop govt's set-top boxes policy". ewn.co.za (in English). Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Tshwane, Tebogo (25 November 2020). "amaBhungane: Days of Zondo: ANC and Joburg mayor Geoff Makhubo plunged into EOH tender kickback scandal". Daily Maverick (in English). Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  24. ↑ "EOH Group CEO reveals how company paid bribes to politicians and officials to secure government contracts". Independent Online (in English). South Africa. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 Bezuidenhout, Jessica (19 December 2020). "The Days of Zondo – now starring a cast you couldn't make up". Daily Maverick (in English). Retrieved 20 December 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Nicolson, Greg (23 March 2021). "Bain & Co planned to work with Zuma to 'reshape SA economy', says former partner Athol Williams". Daily Maverick.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  27. ↑ "Transnet lost R1.8bn in club loan, Zondo Commission hears". eNCA (in English). 5 June 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  28. ↑ Smit, Sarah (5 March 2019). "Zondo commission: Eskom 'fooled the system' to pay the Guptas". Mail & Guardian (in English). Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  29. ↑ Manyathela, Clement (8 March 2019). "Zondo Commission resumes with more testimony from Eskom officials". EWN (in English). Retrieved 8 June 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  30. ↑ "Denel at the Zondo Commission". defenceWeb (in English). 18 March 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  31. ↑ Chabalala, Jeanette (4 June 2019). "SABC sold 100 hours of footage to ANN7 for 'peanuts', Zondo commission hears". News24 (in English). Retrieved 8 June 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Cronje, Jan (19 June 2019). "Former SAA exec says Dudu Myeni asked staff to 'do illegal things'". Fin24. Retrieved 19 June 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  33. ↑ Bateman, Barry (11 April 2019). "Zondo commission to probe interference at law enforcement agencies". EWN (in English). Retrieved 8 June 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  34. ↑ Thamm, Marianne (2 May 2019). "Colonel Madhoe was credibly accused of enabling R61m worth of corrupt deals – eight years later, he is still at SAPS". Daily Maverick (in English). Retrieved 8 June 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  35. ↑ Khumalo, Sibongile (10 June 2019). "Reserve Bank: In 4 years, police made little headway on 64 reported cases". Fin24. Retrieved 10 June 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  36. ↑ Davis, Rebecca (26 May 2021). "'I performed sterlingly' — former commissioner Tom Moyane's take on the historic gutting of SARS". Daily Maverick (in English). Retrieved 13 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 AmaShabalala, Mawande (26 January 2021). "State Security Agency was used to boost ANC electoral fortunes during Zuma years, inquiry hears". TimesLIVE (in English). Retrieved 28 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  38. ↑ "Zondo bombshell: Allegations against Zuma 'will now be treated as evidence'". The South African (in English). 15 February 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  39. ↑ Smit, Sarah (27 August 2018). "#StateCaptureInquiry: Mentor was too scared to meet with Zuma in China". The Mail & Guardian (in English). Retrieved 13 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 Matwadia, Eyaaz (20 June 2019). "Key allegations levelled against Zuma at the Zondo commission". Mail & Guardian (in English). Retrieved 16 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  41. ↑ Umraw, Amil (3 June 2019). "Former ANN7 editor testifies about Jacob Zuma's involvement with channel". Sowetan (in English). Retrieved 14 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  42. ↑ Azarrah Karrim (15 August 2020). "Zondo Commission: 5 of the most explosive testimonies we've heard so far". News24 (in English). Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "State Security Agency suffered from selective adherence to the law". SABC News (in American English). 26 January 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  44. ↑ Thamm, Marianne (26 January 2021). "DAYS OF ZONDO: Secret billions poured into State Security Agency to sustain and protect 'Zuma regime', claims Acting DG Loyiso Jafta". Daily Maverick (in English). Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  45. ↑ Davis, Rebecca (26 January 2021). "COVERT OPS & MEDIA: Iqbal Survé's news service claims it was not a spy vehicle – it was merely paid to carry content for State Security Agency". Daily Maverick (in English). Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  46. ↑ Maughan, Karyn. "State Capture: Zondo hears how Zuma was paid from intelligence slush fund for years". News24 (in American English). Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  47. ↑ "State Security Agency was politicised, Zondo commission told". BusinessLIVE (in English). Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 AmaShabalala, Mawande (25 January 2021). "Zondo hears how Zuma used State Security Agency to deal with perceived enemies, including Ramaphosa". TimesLIVE (in English). Retrieved 28 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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lokiša

Part 1 findins

Part 2 findings

Part 3 findings

Part 4 findings

lokiša
Le tšwa go "https://nso.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mošomi:Ptpare/Lešabašaba/Zondo_Eng&oldid=49561"